Study on Skin Separation in Date Fruits | Chapter 05 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 3

 Skin detachment in Date (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits is a major commercial issue around the world. Skin separation is produced by the cultivars Barhee and Majhul. There are a number of Date types that do not split the skin. Two date kinds were compared to explore the phenomenon of skin separation: Dayri, which has no skin separation, and Barhee, which has severe skin separation. The research focuses on both the mechanical and anatomical characteristics of the fruit's skin. The skin of Barhee fruits has been found to be less flexible and hard, resisting artificial stretching force and tending to form folders while detaching from inner soft tissue, whereas the skin of Dairy fruits exhibits the opposite characteristics. One of the reasons for this trait is the consecutive linearity of the epidermal cells in Barhee and circular order in Dairy. More discrepancies in skin features support the final finding of significant skin separation in Barhee and nil in Dayri. In the example at hand, the agro-mechanical operations of irrigation, nutritional regime, and fruit management while on the tree are of secondary importance.

Author(S) Details

Moshe Gophen
Migal-Research Institute in the Galilee, POB 831 Kiryat Shmone (11016), Israel.

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Preparation and Characterization of Glass-ceramic Composites from South African Coal Fly Ash: A Recent Study| Chapter 10 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 12

 Despite the fact that fly ash is mostly used in the construction industry in South Africa, a considerable amount of it is nevertheless dumped. Fly ash devitrification for the production of glass-ceramic composites has steadily become one of the applications being investigated internationally. The exploration of creating glass-ceramic composites from fly ash, various amounts of beverage waste glass, and magnesium oxide as key raw materials is reported in this paper. Fly ash was melted to make glasses. An arc furnace is used to melt the metal and its additives. The glasses were crystallised using a double-staged thermal treatment to generate glassceramic composites based on their behaviour when subjected to differential thermal analysis. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical, and chemical tests were used to evaluate the composition and behaviour of the glass-ceramic composites. As the magnesium oxide content in the glass-ceramic composites grew, so did the crystal content. The amount of content was increased. As the magnesium oxide content increased, the desirable diopside phase diminished, resulting in the development of forsterite and anorthite as the major and second major phases, respectively. Chemically and thermally resistant, the glass-ceramic composites with lower magnesium oxide content also displayed good cold compressive strength.

Author (s) Details

A. Modiga
Mintek, 200 Malibongwe Drive, Randburg, 2194, South Africa.

N. Sosibo
AECI Mining Chemicals, Corner of Bergius Road and Henry Street, Sasolburg, 1947, South Africa.

Mr. N. Singh
University of Johannesburg, Mineral Processing and Technology Research Centre, Department of Metallurgy, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Corner Siemert & Beit Streets, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.

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Effect of Boron Trioxide Enriched Fluxes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Submerged Arc Welded Mild Steel Plates | Chapter 7 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 1

 Submerged arc welding is the industry's favoured method for welding thick parts because of its numerous advantages, including high output rates, decent weld efficiency, ease of automation, and low operator ability requirements. The effect of B2O3 additions in fluxes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld metal produced during Submerged Arc Welding of Mild Steel Plates is investigated in this paper. A low carbon electrode was used with five fluxes containing around 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 percent B2O3. For all of the conditions, the welding process parameters were kept constant. Weld metal for each flux had a microstructure that included acicular ferrite, polygonal ferrite, grain boundary ferrites, and equiaxed pearlite. Vicker's hardness value was found to be a function of boron content, with a mixed pattern. The increase in boron content in welds increased impact energy and tensile strength, which can be due to the higher acicular ferrite percentage. With 7.5 percent and 5% of B2O3, respectively, an optimal degree of toughness and tensile strength was achieved. Fresh flux was also compared qualitatively using full metallography and mechanical testing.

Author (s) Details

Pushpendra Gupta
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.

Joydeep Roy
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, India.

S. C. Saha
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, India (Retd.).

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