Centrioles and Not-Coding DNA During the Emergence and Evolution of Bilaterally Symmetric Complex Organs: Computational Models | Chapter 3 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 2

The origin of complex biological symmetric structures has long been a subject of interest and debate. How new sophisticated structures arise, perfectly meshed together, and added to preexisting organs without breaking their anatomy and physiology remains challenging. A mystery is how endless amounts of new bilaterally symmetric organs (eyes, ears, limbs, kidneys) have arisen in an infinite number of species: bilateral symmetry requires two different processes (genetic pathways) for arranging and driving cells in symmetric locations in left and right structures. It is unsustainable that two different genetic codes, independent of each other and assembled by chance, have simultaneously arisen for every organ in millions of different species. Many findings have evidenced that DNA tandem repeats and centrioles are involved in morphogenesis, suggesting they have played a role in the evolution of shapes. In the absence of experimental data (given the structure of an experiment, it may not be possible to perform it: computational models allow to simulate experiments in complex systems), this paper introduces computational simulations to test and ascertain whether DNA tandem repeats, centrioles, and centrosomes can manage and accelerate the evolution of complex organs and bilaterally symmetric structures: this study focuses on the origin of new DNA sequences that, in turn, cause the evolution of genetic codes, and, ultimately, the emergence of new shapes. The present paper follows an interdisciplinary perspective that combines biology and computational modeling to understand cellular behavior across species, underlying the similarity between programming and cellular procedures. From several points of view, cellular developmental processes and computational linear algorithms seem to share the same Boolean logic algebra. The integration of programming codes, tandem repeats, centrioles, and centrosomes provides a potential framework for investigating fundamental morphogenetic processes. In conclusion, this study is a pioneering attempt to ascertain, in the evolution of complex organs, the possible role of TRs in counting cell divisions and the centriole/centrosome’s role in translating genetic codes into correct 3D spatially planned directions.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Marco Franco Giulio Regolini
Department of Biophysics, MFR Bioengineering, Milano, Italy.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v2/4727

Understanding of the Estimation of the Earth Circumference by Eratosthenes Based on the History of Science, for Earth Science Education | Chapter 5 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 1

 The Aim concerning this Chapter discusses about three insolent assumptions for numerical abstraction of Eratosthenes’s experiment for calculating the edge of the Earth, and justifying all three arrogance from historical view for mathematics and learning education. Also it is main that the simplicity about the measurement of the dust's circumstance at the past of science. The first correct estimate of the Earth’s circumference was fashioned by the Hellenism physicist Eratosthenes (276-195 B.C.) in about 240 B.C. The simplicity and elegance of Eratosthenes’ calculation of the circumference of the Earth by arithmetic abstraction actions were an excellent instance of ancient Greek cleverness. Eratosthenes’s success was a triumph of logic and the experimental method, the procedure required that he adopt that Sun was so far continuously that its light attained Earth along parallel lines. That assumption, nevertheless, should lie by another set of measurements created by the old Hellenism, Aristarchus, namely, a coarse measurement of the relative diameters and distances of the Sun and Moon. Eratosthenes formulated the plain proportional recipe, by mathematic abstraction methods based on perfect circle and a simple numerical rule as well as in the geometry in this place world.  The Earth must be a circle by a logical and practical argument of Aristotle, established the Greek word proportion including harmony and advantage of form.

Author(s) Details:

Jun-Young Oh,
Seoul National University, Republic of Korea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V1/article/view/11825

On a Macroscopic Scale, Space–Time Symmetry makes Particle's Universe the Same as Anti– Particle’s Universe, Whereas Particles on a Microscopic Scale, Charge Symmetry Makes Atom and Anti–Atom the Same | Chapter 8 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 9

 Every particle has an anti-particle counterpart. When any amount of anti-particle collides with a particle, it instantly annihilates itself and generates energy. The space-time symmetry is what makes a particle's Universe and an anti-Universe particle's precisely the same. Both Universe pairs appear to be identical on a macroscopic scale. The charge symmetry is what makes an atom and its anti-atom equivalent on a microscopic scale. For the Universe and Atom pairings, only observer dependent realism exists. A particle observer will see the exact opposite of an anti-particle observer – the observer pair will see the exact opposite reality, rendering reality relative. On a macroscopic scale, I'll discuss space-time symmetry, and on a microscopic size, I'll discuss charge symmetry.

Author (S) Details

Prasenjit Debnath
Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Barjala, Jirania, PO – NIT Agartala, District – Tripura (West), State – Tripura, Pin – 799046, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V9/article/view/1980