Pollinator Diversity in Bitter Gourd Ecosystem in the Central Tamil Nadu, India | Chapter 3 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Bitter gourd is a tropical vine belonging to the family Cucubitaceae grown mainly in India, China and Southeast Asia. The past two decades have seen unprecedented interest in pollinators and pollination ecology, stimulated in part by concerns about the decline of pollinator abundance and diversity in some parts of the world. Bees are the most studied and utilised pollinators for cucurbit crops throughout the world and provide the greatest contribution to the pollination of cucurbits. The study aimed to document the diversity of insects (floral visitors/pollinators) visiting bitter gourd flowers. A total of 51 species of flower visitors/pollinators were recorded visiting the bitter gourd flowers when recorded from 000 to 1800 hours during the day time, for various needs like the pollen and nectar rewards, to prey on the flower visitors, and to feed on the flowers too. Field surveys were conducted at weekly intervals in two locations in Tiruchirapalli district, Tamilnadu to study the diversity of insects visiting bitter gourd flowers. This includes 19 Hymenopteran insects, 15 Lepidopterans, seven Dipterans and six Coleopterans. Tetragonula iridipennis was the most abundant pollinator, followed by Apis florea, Halictus sp. and Apis cerana indica; while Syrphus ribesii was the dominating Dipteran pollinator. Among the Lepidopterans, Pachliopta hector was the major pollinator, followed by Danaus chrysippus, Tirumala limniace and Delias eucharis. Species richness (S) was at its maximum (26 species) at 0800 – 1000 hours and minimum (07 species) at 1600-1800 hours. Diversity indices were also calculated based on the data, which shows the distribution of a specific group of pollinators at particular hours of the day. All the indices represented the even and uniform distribution of the pollinator groups. Shannon’s and Simpson’s diversity indices were maximum at 1000-1200 hours with 2.52 and 9.18, respectively. Shannon’s evenness ranged from 0.44 – 0.86, and Simpson’s evenness was 0.28 – 0.54 with a maximum at 1000-1200 hours. The study suggests that pesticide applications should be avoided during morning hours to conserve pollinator populations and optimise pollination services in bitter gourd cultivation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Yogapriya Adaikkan
School of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, The Gandhigram Rural Institute - DTBU, Gandhigram, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

B. Usharani
Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural college and Research Institute, TNAU – Madurai, India.

 

K. Suresh
ICAR-KVK, Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU – Madurai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v8/6400

 

Study of Vegetation Structure and Species Diversity in Kusmi Forest, Sidhi District, Madhya Pradesh, India | Chapter 13 | Recent Trends in the Study of Botanical Research Volume - 1

 A study was conducted in the Kusmi forest of District Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh, India, analysing the vegetational structures across different strata: trees, shrubs, and herbs. A total of 738 woody individuals from 14 species were recorded in random quadrats covering a 0.25-hectare area. Shorea robusta exhibited the highest stem density and Importance Value Index (IVI). All species displayed a clumped distribution pattern. Trees occupied a basal area of 20.39 m² per hectare. The species richness and diversity of shrubs and herbs exceeded that of trees. Given the presence of various anthropogenic disturbances, immediate conservation efforts are warranted.

Author(s) Details:

Mohammad Salim,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Shivnandan Patel,
S.G.S. Govt. Autonomous P.G. College, Sidhi (M.P.), A.P.S. University, Rewa, India.

Shagufta Parween,
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Bhopal (M.P.), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTSBR-V1/article/view/12460

The Condition of Megabenthos in the Coral Reef Ecosystem on Salawati-Batanta Island, West Papua | Chapter 4 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 1

 This study investigates the rank of the megabenthos population in the underwater or partially submerged ledge ecosystem of Salawati-Batanta Island in West Papua. Salawati-Batanta Island is known for allure extensive pink reefs and rich variety of megabenthos, including polychaetes, crustaceans, echinoderms and mollusks. The study tries the abundance, difference, and distribution of megabenthos species in this place region. Data on megabenthos was calm from transects conducted along the coast at wisdoms of 3 to 7 meters. Observations were conducted middle from two points 2015 and 2019, with additional dossier collected in 2021 to guarantee a comprehensive analysis. The results usually showed a fixed diversity of eight megabenthos class, which could be top-secret into different environmental groups based on their importance. These groups contain indicator class, coralivorous species, and economically valuable species. It has happened found that the allocation of certain species, to a degree L. laevigata and Tridacna spp. is widespread during the whole of the study area, indicating a athletic population. Species like Panulirus sp. and A. planci granted a more restricted distribution. The study still found that pink-eating groups were low in number and formal no significant warning to the coral communities. The density of L. laevigata and Tridacna spp. remained approximately stable during the whole of the observation period, while Holothuria spp. displayed a declining style, particularly in commercially valuable species, suggesting attainable overexploitation. Overall, the study suggests that the megabenthos society in the coral reef ecosystem of Salawati-Batanta Island is now in good condition. However, it stresses the importance of implementing persuasive conservation measures to guarantee the long-term sustainability of these coral reefs and bar over-exploitation of economically valuable variety.

Author(s) Details:

Hendrik A. W. Cappenberg,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

U. Y. Arbi,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

J. Souhoka,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

N. W. P. Sari,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

E. Widyastuti,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

Susetiono,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

F. D. Hukom,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

T. Sidabutar,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V1/article/view/11466

The Conditions of Seagrass at the Small Islands in the Eastern Waters of Bintan Island, Riau Archipelagos, Indonesia| Chapter 7 | Cutting Edge Research in Biology Vol. 2

 Seagrasses can evolve and develop well in empty reef surroundings, on muddy substrates to coral remains, and in clear and calm waters. Seagrass beds have important functions and functions from both environmental and economic facets. The ecological aspect is the main beginning of organic matter result, habitat for miscellaneous biota, nurseries, spawning premises, a food beginning for rare biota, and supporting the biodiversity of sea biota, as well as the business-related value of seagrass environment services. Increased incident and community activities in marshy areas are trusted to have led to a decline in the condition of seagrass beds. Currently, skilled are no ongoing studies on the condition of seagrass beds, particularly on small islets. This study is a monitoring effort for pink reefs and related environments (mangroves and seagrasses) conducted from 2015-2019. The objective concerning this study is to acquire information on the condition of seagrass beds on limited islands and in the eastern waters of Bintan Island. Data accumulation on species variety and density was finished using transects at right angles to to the coast. Species identification and percent cover reasoning were conducted utilizing the Guidelines for Monitoring Seagrass Meadows in Indonesia and the KMNLH (2004) classification of seagrass environments. The results of the 2015-2019 surveys revealed a difference of nine seagrass species, containing Thalassia hemprichii (Th), Cymodocea rotundata (Cr), Enhalus acoroides (Ea), Syringodium isoetifolium (Si), Halodule uninervis (Hu), Halophila ovalis (Ho), Halodule pinifolia (Hp), Cymodocea serrulate (Cs), and Thalasodendron ciliatum (Tc). Of the nine dominant variety found that is to say, Thalassia hemprichii dan Enhalus acoroides, while species are exceptionally found that is to say Halodule pinifolia (Hp) and Thalasodendron ciliatum (Tc). The density of the Enhalus acoroides species acted not show some change during 2015-2019. Overall, from 2015 to 2019 the seagrass condition at each listening station declined and was classification as unhealthy.

Author(s) Details:

Indarto Happy Supriyadi,
Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CERB-V2/article/view/8889

Study on Floral Diversity, Composition and Structure in the Kimbi Fungom National Park, North West Region, Cameroon | Chapter 10 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4

 The degree to which living forms differ within the setting of a particular ecosystem, biome, or entire planet is referred to as ecological diversity. This includes all plant, animal, and microbe species, as well as the environment and ecological processes to which they belong. In comparison to other Cameroon national parks, the Kimbi Fungom National Park is said to be less diversified. This could be owing to the landscape's structure and habitat kinds. The primary goal of this research is to evaluate the species composition, structure, and diversity in the Kimbi Fungom National Park's heterogeneous environment, which is distinguished by several habitat types. The park was divided into 20 blocks, with 10 of them being chosen at random for this flora survey. A 1 km line transect was established in each block with 5 quadrates of 20 x 20 m. These transects were designed to cut through four different types of vegetation (lowland rainforest, gallery forest, woodland and grassland savanna). A total of 2831 stems with a circumference of less than one centimetre were found and measured. There are 222 species in 54 families that this belongs to. The most common plant families were determined to be Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. The grassland had the lowest tree density and basal area, while the lowland forest had the most. The composition and variety of species differed depending on the vegetation type and landscape arrangement. The Shannon diversity index of 3.8 and forest 3.75, respectively, showed that the lowland and gallery forest had high diversity and similar species composition. Three species were found to be endemic to Cameroon (Allophyllus bullatus, Cleistopholis staudtii, and Magnistipula butayei), while six species were found to be vulnerable (Afzelia africana, Afzelia bipindensis, Allophyllus bullatus, Entandrophragma angolense, Hallea stipulosa, Hallea stipulosa, To rescue this protected area from destruction, save its flora and fauna species from local extinction, and maintain a viable population size in the face of expanding anthropogenic activities, management and preservation methods, including local population and habitat regeneration, will be extremely beneficial.

Author(s) Details

Amos Fang Zeh
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.

Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.

Melle Ekane Maurice
Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MAGEES-4/article/view/1061