Seasonal Variation of Electron Densities: NmE and NmF in Low Latitudes over the Ouagadougou Station, Burkina Faso | Chapter 8 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 9

This work was undertaken to contribute to a better understanding of the atmospheric layer by analyzing variations in ionospheric parameters, in particular, the electron density at Ouagadougou station at low latitude during the solar cycle 23.

 

This variation is the result of the disturbances that are regularly observed in the ionosphere, which is the upper part of the Earth's atmosphere ionized by solar radiation. To do this, we used the IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) in its 2016 version, which is an empirical model that was used to extract data for the days of the months characteristic of the minimum and maximum phases of the solar cycle.

 

We found that the variability of the electron density of the F (NmF) layer and the variability of the electron density of the E (NmE) layer, follow the evolution of sunlight intensity due to the geographical situation close to the ionospheric equator of our study station. NmE and NmF present significant values during the day because the ionization produced by the sun's rays is important.

 

At the limit of the E and F layers, the ionospheric day corresponds to the period where the NmE and NmF values are important and conversely, during the ionospheric night, the values of NmE and NmF are very insignificant.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Kadidia Nonlo Drabo
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso and Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique de Physique Spatiale et Énergétique (L@CAPSE), Université Norbert Zongo BP 376 Koudougou, Burkina Faso.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v9/4692

Implementation of a Semi-classical Theory for Superconductors: Scientific Explanation| Chapter 10 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 6

 When the hotness of certain fabrics is reduced to below the value famous as the critical hotness, a state transition occurs, and bureaucracy transitions from the common to superconducting state. A superconductor is defined by two fundamental material properties: zero energetic resistance to direct current and the Meissner effect (the material repels some external attractive flux). In the absence of a acceptable theory, physicists have secondhand phenomenological approaches to explicate the existence concerning this exotic depressed-temperature state. We present a to a certain extent-classical (non-phenomenological) theory of superconductors in this place study. We then show that the life of superconductors at high fault-finding temperatures cannot be explained by all other than the presence of the gas of free electrons in answer to temperature changes in the metal. The fault-finding temperature before serves the same purpose as the water buildup temperature in a gaseous-to-liquid change and the Curie temperature in a paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic change.

Author(s) Details:

Elie W’ishe Sorongane,
Physics Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V6/article/view/9216

Modification to a Formulation for Optimal Performance: A Review | Chapter 4 | Research Aspects in Chemical and Materials Sciences Vol. 2

In a chemical reaction, reactant material transforms into product material, which has distinct physical and chemical properties from reactant material. Detectable changes are present in every chemical reaction, including colour changes, bubbling, heat evolution, heat absorption, light emission, and precipitate formation. Precipitation reactions, acid base reactions, and oxidation reduction reactions are the three primary types of reactions. The mole, also known as mol, is the unit of measurement for the quantity of atoms, ions, or molecules in a laboratory sample. The reactant that is totally consumed by a chemical reaction is known as a limiting reactant. It limits and regulates the amount of product produced; the other reactants are known as excess reactants. The amount of limiting reactant limits the amounts of product created and reactant consumed. The goal of this work is to identify the type of reaction occurring in the product, calculate the molar amount of each reactant that forms the greatest amount of gas product (CO2), identify chemical compounds that would be harmful to the formulation, and include additives that would improve the product's quality. after looking into the potential reactions of each ingredient in the formulation and conducting research on them. It was discovered that the chemical reaction between vitamin C, cream tartar, and baking soda produced the greatest amount of bubbling per tablet. Chemicals such as sodium chloride were found to reduce the amount of bubbling per tablet, while sugars were found to improve product quality. The molar amounts of the reactants were calculated for optimal performance.

 

Author (s) Details

Hebah Abdel-Wahab

Hudson County Community College, 70 Sip Avenue, Jersey City, New Jersey-07306, USA.

Tamara Gund

New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey-07102, USA.

 

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/RACMS-V2/article/view/7628