The Role of Carbon in Sensory Protein Signal Transduction: Implications for Robotic Vision| Chapter 3 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

This study applies the carbon code to predict the hydrophobic framework of retina-related proteins, focusing on carbon's role in proton absorption for signal transduction. Our results show that carbon frameworks in amino acid clusters within proteins are critical for forming optimized hydrophobic domains, influencing proton uptake into the cell core. In membrane-bound proteins involved in photon capture, specific amino acids regulate proton signaling and phototransduction. Mutations within these internal structures can significantly alter protein function, highlighting the importance of carbon-based frameworks and amino acid interactions in visual signal processing.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Rajasekaran Ekambaram

Department of Chemistry, V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur-639111, India.

Devprakash Rajasekaran

Department of Computer Science, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, 47301, Malaysia.

Indupriya Rajasekaran

Andaman & Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andaman-744112, India.

Meenal Rajasekaran

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur-639111, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2504

 

Real-Time FPGA Integration for Image Steganography Using Haar wavelet and Least Significant Bit Technique | Chapter 2 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

 

The purpose of this study is to develop a robust image steganography system that enhances the security of hidden communications by employing the Least Significant Bit (LSB) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) methods. The research aims to improve the robustness of the steganographic process and evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques. The study implements image steganography using two techniques: the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method and the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) method. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated using key metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE), Bit Error Rate (BER), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and processing time. The LSB method achieved PSNR values ranging from 42 to 46 dB and MSE values between 1.5 and 3.5. In contrast, the DWT method demonstrated superior performance, with PSNR values ranging from 49 to 57 dB and MSE values from 0.2 to 0.7. These results indicate that the DWT method provides higher performance and robustness compared to the LSB technique. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) method outperforms the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique, offering better PSNR and lower MSE values. This makes DWT a more robust and efficient solution for image steganography, particularly in scenarios requiring high security and minimal image distortion.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mangal Patil

Department of ECE, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India.

Shankar Madkar

Department of ECE, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India.

Jyoti Morbale

Department of ECE, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India.

Harshal Hemane

Department of ECE, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2197

 

Knowledge, Concept, and Practices of Skin Bleaching in Northeastern Nigeria |Chapter 1 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

 

Background: Skin bleaching and the use of hazardous and potent substances have been linked to a range of adverse effects, from skin diseases to serious systemic problems such as diabetes, hypertension and renal diseases. Skin bleaching has become a public health concern, even though the importation and marketing of skin-bleaching products are banned or strictly regulated in many countries. Skin bleaching seems to have become common in different communities across Nigeria. It appears that the local communities in the northeastern region of Nigeria are seriously unaware of the possible risks related to the usage of bleaching products. Aim: The purpose of the study was to ascertain adults’ knowledge, beliefs, and practices of skin bleaching in northeastern Nigeria.

 

Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study that employed the multistage sampling procedure and the use of Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) to analyze the data.

 

Results: It was found that skin bleaching was quite common in northeastern Nigeria. Nearly half of the respondents were not aware of the long-term hazards or negative consequences, as well as the ingredients in the skin-bleaching agents. The respondents believed that the main reason why people bleach their skin was to appear more appealing to catch their partners’ attention as well as to improve their social statuses. They also believed that bleaching the skin improved their chances of getting suitors and jobs. The primary motivation behind skin bleaching was to enhance one’s physical attractiveness in order to capture the attention of their significant other. Additionally, they thought that bleaching one's skin would raise one’s social standing and bring luck in the form of potential mates or job opportunities. The majority said that while darker complexion could be less beautiful than lighter skin, but not necessarily inferior.

 

Conclusion: Despite the risks posed by ignorance and false ideas, the use of skin bleaching products was found to be widespread among the populations mostly because of a strong desire for attractive appearance, attraction, and high social status.

 

Government agencies, partners, and other relevant stakeholders along with the stakeholders among the local community members including religious and traditional leaders should take steps to protect the public from the menace of the skin-bleaching agents through legislation, education and all other possible innovative means. Companies should consider safety measures strictly in their productions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Zara William Wudiri

Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Mohammed Tahiru Bolori

Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Fatima Lawan Bukar

Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Taofik Ademola Oloyede

Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Borno, Nigeria.

Mary Olubisi Amodu

Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Aisha Aliyu Abulfathi

Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Usman Affan Haruna

College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Aisha Ali Bakari

College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Jesse Kwayas Isa’ac

College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Haruna Musa Garba

College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria.

Babangida Ibrahim

College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2416

Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Metal-backed vs All-polyethylene Tibial Components in Total Knee Replacement: A Prospective Study | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

 

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic degenerative disease in orthopaedic practice. The treatment of Osteoarthritis includes non-pharmacological interventions and surgical interventions such as total knee replacement. Metal-backed (MB) tibial components theoretically offer better load distribution across the implant-bone interface compared to all-polyethylene tibia, potentially reducing the risk of loosening. However, all-polyethylene tibial (APT) components have their own advantages, such as the absence of backside wear and no liner dissociation. However, the literature pertaining to the comparison of the clinical outcome and functional outcome between the metal-backed and all polyethylene prosthesis for the total knee replacement is scant.

 

Aim: The present study aims to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of metal-backed versus all-polyethylene tibial components in patients undergoing total knee replacement.

 

Methods: A prospective study was undertaken in a tertiary hospital from April 2018 to June 2019. The final sample size was 32 cases (40 knees) of newly diagnosed primary OA knee cases treated with cemented TKR with metal-backed prosthesis and 29 cases (40 knees) with all polyethylene prosthesis. The patients were followed up at 1st, 3rd and 6th post-operative months. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20, with the chi-square test applied; a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 

Results: This study showed that the majority of patients undergoing knee replacement surgery are aged above 60 years, male sex and had comorbid conditions. The knee clinical score pre-op was not statistically significant. But after 1 month, after 3 months after 6 months, the knee clinical score was statistically significant. Knee functional score pre-op, after 1 month, after 3 months, and after 6 months was not statistically significant. 87% of patients with metal back total knee replacement and 85% of all poly total knee replacement had no pain or just mild pain.

 

Conclusions: Total knee arthroplasty resulted in excellent relief of pain, range of motion, restoration of function, and low prevalence of complications and continues to function well during the follow-up period. Improvement in clinical score in the MB group is correlated significantly with all polyethylene groups. The Knee Society scoring system is effective in evaluating clinical, functional outcomes. This study is limited by its short follow-up duration; therefore, future research with a longer follow-up period and more robust methodology is recommended to assess the long-term efficacy and durability of all-polyethylene versus metal-backed prostheses in knee replacement surgery.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Suresh Kriplani

Department of Orthopaedics, P.G.I. Swasthiyog Pratishthan, Miraj, Maharashtra, India.

 

Tejas Patil
Department of Orthopaedics, P.G.I. Swasthiyog Pratishthan, Miraj, Maharashtra, India.

 

Milind Kulkarni
Department of Orthopaedics, P.G.I. Swasthiyog Pratishthan, Miraj, Maharashtra, India.

 

G. S. Kulkarni
Department of Orthopaedics, P.G.I. Swasthiyog Pratishthan, Miraj, Maharashtra, India.

 

Krishna Kabra
Department of Orthopaedics, P.G.I. Swasthiyog Pratishthan, Miraj, Maharashtra, India.

 

Yash Parikh
Department of Orthopaedics, P.G.I. Swasthiyog Pratishthan, Miraj, Maharashtra, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v9/6100

Comprehensive Surgical Management of Adult Foot Macrodystrophia Lipomatosa: An Expanded Case-Based Guide for Orthopaedic Surgeons | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

 

Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) is an uncommon, non-hereditary congenital overgrowth disorder that can present manageable yet vexing challenges when it manifests in the adult foot. Building on our previously published case, this chapter provides an expanded, practice-oriented overview of pre-operative work-up, definitive resection of the involved ray, soft-tissue balancing, and post-operative rehabilitation. Recent literature confirms that complete ray excision with meticulous soft-tissue debulking remains superior to serial debulking alone, offering durable cosmesis and function while reducing recurrence rates to below 20% in carefully selected adults. Emerging concepts—including nerve-territory mapping, adjunct alpelisib therapy for progressive forms, and algorithmic multi-technique protocols in younger patients were integrated that can inform adult care. Novel reconstructive methods, such as targeted digital-nerve resection with allograft sensory reconstruction and modified Tsuge-type composite flap transfers, are critically appraised. Post-operative outcomes at 6- and 18-month review demonstrate pain-free ambulation in standard footwear, preserved plantar stability, and high patient-reported aesthetic satisfaction. Future directions encompass molecular diagnostics (PIK3CA mosaicism) and image-guided 3-D planning to further personalise surgery. By synthesising current evidence with detailed operative pearls, this chapter equips foot-and-ankle surgeons with a step-wise, outcome-focused roadmap for treating adult foot MDL.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Reema Alhussein
College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Mohammed Alshouli
Orthopedics Surgery Department, Foot and Ankle Surgery, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v9/5981

Survival from Amniotic Fluid Embolism with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: A Case Report |Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

 

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare obstetrical event with the highest fatality rate. The exact pathogenesis remains unclear. AFE is a complex disorder classically characterised by the abrupt onset of hypoxia, hypotension and consumptive coagulopathy. This chapter presents a case of a 27-year-old patient who suffered from the deadliest combination of obstetrical nightmare of amniotic fluid embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and sepsis and yet recovered completely with neurologically intact. The patient underwent an emergency caesarean delivery because of sudden cardiovascular collapse. She had a sudden onset of increased intensity of labour pains associated with rupture of membranes, backache, and cough with audible wheeze. Intraoperatively, she had DIC and was hemodynamically unstable. Surgery was completed with the support of inotropes and vasopressors. The patient stayed in the ICU for 14 days. She was managed with massive transfusion protocol (A total of 42 units of blood and blood products were transfused). In the subsequent postoperative period, she had sepsis with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The diagnosis of AFE was made after other differential diagnoses had been ruled out. The successful outcome in this case is attributable to early recognition with immediate delivery of the fetus, high-grade resuscitation, timely hysterectomy and aggressive treatment of coagulopathy by blood and blood products, involvement of a multidisciplinary team, constant supervision by nursing staff with a positive approach. In conclusion, AFE remains a diagnosis of exclusion; therefore, a collaborative multidisciplinary approach is essential for effective management and a favorable outcome.

 

Author(s) Details

Anish Kumar Vishal
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Military Hospital Kirkee, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Mohit Agarwal
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Military Hospital Kirkee, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Arunabha Saha
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Military Hospital Kirkee, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v9/6052

A Study of Elevated Progesterone Level and Its Consequences on In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF) Outcomes | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

 

Background: The embryo-endometrium dialogue remains incompletely understood. During conventional in vitro fertilisation cycles, progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration refers to rising progesterone levels in the absence of either premature or a luteinizing hormone surge. Most research has reported that elevated progesterone had an adverse impact on the endometrial environment of fresh cycles, leading to a decrease in pregnancy rates. High progesterone levels on the day of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin trigger induce advanced endometrial histological maturation and differential endometrial gene expression, which lead to implantation failure.

 

Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of elevated progesterone levels on the clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilisation.

 

Methods: The current study was undertaken at Swagat Hospital and Research Centre, Bongaigaon, Assam (India). Fifty patients undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) were selected for the study. Baseline estimation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), (estrogen) E2 and (transvaginal sonography) TVS was done. The patients were grouped on the basis of their progesterone levels on the day of hCG trigger, with the cutoff for defining premature progesterone rise being (progesterone) P4≥ 3ng/ml. Final oocyte maturation was induced with hCG. Oocyte retrieval was performed 34-36 h after hCG. Two to three embryos of the day 3 cleavage stage were transferred under TVS guidance. The parameters obtained from each cycle were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed. A probability (P) value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A sonographic confirmation of pregnancy was performed 2 weeks after a β-hCG positive. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v23.0, with the Chi-square test for categorical data, ANOVA for quantitative variables, and significance set at P<0.05.

 

Results: On dividing the patients into two groups based on the cut-off of P4 as 3ng/ml, it was observed that the no of cases that conceived was significantly higher in the subjects whose P4 level was less than or equal to 3ng/ml than in the subjects whose P4 level was more than 3ng/ml.

 

Conclusions: The present study showed an adverse relationship between higher circulating serum concentration of P4 and clinical pregnancy rate. Elevated P4 level just before trigger is a reflection of endometrial maturity that can cause disparity between endometrial and embryonic ageing and therefore hamper implantation or cause failure in assisted reproductive technology (ART).

 

Author(s) Details

Sankar Kumar Das
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Swagta Hospital and Research Center, Bongaigaon Assam, India and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India.

 

Priyanka Roy
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Swagta Hospital and Research Center, Bongaigaon Assam, India and Department of Obstetrics, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, India.

 

Krishna Kalita
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Swagta Hospital and Research Center, Bongaigaon Assam, India and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v9/5481