Comparing Detector Magnetic Systems for the Future Circular Hadron-Hadron Collider | Chapter 8 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 1

 This work describes a detailed study of two possible options for the magnetic system of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider detector. The conceptual design study of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) to be constructed at CERN with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV requires superconducting magnetic systems with a central magnetic flux density of an order of 4 T for the experimental detectors. The developed concept of the FCC-hh detector involves the use of an iron-free magnetic system consisting of three superconducting solenoids: the main coil of 10.9 m inner diameter and 18.954 m length with a total current of 69.6 MA-turns that give a central magnetic flux density of 4 T, and two superconducting forward coils of 5.6 m inner diameter and 3.3997 m length with a total current of 12.6 MA-turns each that give a central magnetic flux density of 3.2 T in each coil. A superconducting magnet with a minimal steel yoke is proposed as an alternative to the baseline iron-free design. This design includes the same three coils enclosed in the 22,240-ton steel flux-return yoke. In this study, both magnetic system options for the FCC-hh detector are modeled with Cobham’s program TOSCA. All the main characteristics of both designs are compared and discussed.

Author(s) Details:

Vyacheslav Klyukhin,
Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, RU-119992, Moscow, Russia and European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Austin Ball
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Christophe Paul Berriaud
CEA Irfu, 91191 Saclay, France.

Benoit Curé
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.


Alexey Dudarev
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.


Andrea Gaddi
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.


Hubert Gerwig
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Alain Hervé
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Matthias Mentink
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Werner Riegler
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Udo Wagner
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.


Herman Ten Kate
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.


Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/STRUFP-V1/article/view/14347

The CMS Magnetic Field Map (III): Development of the CMS Magnetic Field Map | Chapter 7 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 7

This chapter is the third part in a series of publications on the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector magnetic field map creation. The chapter focuses on pioneering work on the performance of the three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field map in the entire volume of the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. In the CMS detector the magnetic field deflects the charged particles produced in the proton–proton collisions at the center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV. The curvatures of the charged particles allow the measurements of the particle momenta with help of the silicon tracking detectors located in the solenoidal magnetic flux density of 3.81 T. The magnetic system of the CMS detector is of a heterogeneous type, where the magnetic flux is created by a superconducting solenoid coil enclosed in a steel flux-return yoke. The 10,000-ton steel yoke of the magnet is used as a series of magnetized layers up to 620 mm thick which are penetrated only by muons, making it possible to identify them and measure their momenta in a muon spectrometer.  The programs for simulation and reconstruction of the momenta of the charged particles emerging from collision events require the knowledge of the value of the magnetic flux density components at the coordinates of space points along the trajectories of the particles. To describe the CMS magnetic flux distribution in the entire CMS detector volume, a system of the primitive 3D volumes containing the values of the magnetic flux density measured inside the superconducting coil inner volume and modelled outside the coil across a special mesh of reference nodes was developed. This system, called the CMS magnetic field map, follows the geometric features of the yoke and allows the interpolation of the magnetic flux density between the nodes to obtain the magnetic field values at any spatial point inside a cylinder of 18 m in diameter and 48 m in length, where all the CMS sub-detectors are located. The geometry of the volumes is described inside one 30° azimuthal sector of the CMS magnet. To obtain the values of the magnetic flux density components across the entire azimuth angle of the CMS detector, rotational symmetry is applied. Volumes are organized in a hierarchical structure optimized for fast global searching, and caching techniques allow simulation and track extrapolation algorithms to minimize the number of global volume searches.

Author(s) Details:

Nicola Amapane,
INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy.

Vyacheslav Klyukhin,
Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, RU-119992, Moscow, Russia. d European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V7/article/view/13455

The CMS Magnetic Field Map (II): The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems | Chapter 3 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 7

This chapter is the second part in a series of publications on the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector magnetic field map creation. The CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider has a heterogeneous solenoid magnet where the created magnetic flux penetrates both nonmagnetic and ferromagnetic materials of the experimental setup. The chapter describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the CMS detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes at a radius of 2.9148 m outside the barrel hadron calorimeter at ±0.006 m from the coil median XY-plane. Two more NMR probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system at Z-coordinates of -2.835 and +2.831 m and a radius of 0.651 m from the solenoid axis. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using ten three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect (Hall probes). These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, four 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector at distances X = ±0.959 m and Z-coordinates of -2.899 and +2.895 m. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke in 11 XY-planes of the azimuthal sector at 270°. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks in grooves of 30 mm wide and 12–13mm deep and consist of 7–10 turns of 45-wire flat ribbon cable. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m2 in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m2 in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. Measurement of the magnetic flux density in the steel blocks of the magnet yoke using flux loops and three-dimensional B-sensors confirmed the correctness of the magnetic flux distribution modelling in the muon momenta measuring system, which provided a high muon momentum resolution and a reliable muon identification. The development of the magnetic field measurement and monitoring systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this chapter.

Author(s) Details:

Vyacheslav Klyukhin,
Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, RU-119992 Moscow, Russia and European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Austin Ball,
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Felix Bergsma,
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Henk Boterenbrood,
Nikhef, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Benoit Curé,
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Domenico Dattola,
Department of Physics, Polytechnic University of Turin, I-10129 Turin, Italy.

Andrea Gaddi,
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Hubert Gerwig,
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Alain Hervé,
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Richard Loveless,
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Gary Teafoe,
FNAL, Batavia, IL 60510-0500, USA.

Daniel Wenman,
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Wolfram Zeuner,
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Jerry Zimmerman,
FNAL, Batavia, IL 60510-0500, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V7/article/view/13449

The CMS Magnetic Field Map (I). Design and Description of the CMS Magnetic System Model | Chapter 3 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 5

 This review is the first part in a succession of papers on the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) indicator magnetic field drawing creation. The review describes the arrangement of the CMS detector and the methods for modelling the miscellaneous CMS magnetic scheme, starting with the expression of the magnetostatics problem for modelling the drawing flux of the CMS superconducting solenoid encircled in a steel unrest-return yoke. The review includes a division on the magnetization curves of various types of gird used in the CMS bait yoke. The evolution of the magnetic order model over 20 years is bestowed in the discussion portion and is well illustrated for one CMS model layouts and the magnetic alteration distribution. Different types of geometrical and scalar drawing potential symmetries were used to build the CMS magnet model in a order of successive redundancies. This has made it attainable to characterize the magnetic motion in the CMS detector for an comprehensive period utilizing as little computational power as likely, in line with current the study of computers capabilities.

Author(s) Details:

Vyacheslav Klyukhin,
Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, RU-119992, Moscow, Russia and CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V5/article/view/12910