Monkey-Pox: A Silent Return | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 3

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, part of the Orthopoxvirus genus, primarily found in Central and West Africa. Its symptoms are similar to smallpox but generally milder, including fever, lymphadenopathy, and a rash that progresses from macules to pustules. The virus spreads through direct contact with infected animals or humans, raising public health concerns, especially with recent outbreaks in non-endemic areas.

 

There are two monkeypox clades: Central African and West African, with the former leading to more severe illness. The virus enters through broken skin or mucous membranes, spreads via the lymphatic system, and triggers an immune response crucial for infection control. Immunocompromised individuals face higher risks of complications.

 

Recent outbreaks have seen increased human-to-human transmission, notably among specific demographics. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and lab tests, while treatment focuses on symptom management. Preventive strategies include vaccinations for high-risk groups, public education, enhanced surveillance, and inter-agency collaboration to control outbreaks effectively. Ongoing research and public health efforts remain essential as the situation evolves.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Avi Mittal
Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

 

Mahi Chauhan
Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

 

Mehak Kalwana
Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

 

Esha
Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, India.

 

Shailesh Mittal
Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v3/3314

Microbiological Quality Evaluation and HACCP in Nono Production by Milkmaids in a Fulani Settlement, Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria| Chapter 2 | Research Advances in Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 2

 In this study, the repetitiveness of Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, yeasts, and moulds was examined in sure retail uncontrolled simmered milk samples (nono). A hazard analysis was too carried out to recognize the sources of adulteration during processing and to supply crucial control patterns. Fifty (50) nono samples purchased from Fulani milkmaids in Samaru advertise of Zaria town, Kaduna, Nigeria, were analyzed for ghost of E. coli, B. cereus, Yeasts and Moulds. The traditional refine of nono by three producers of few of the market samples resolved was investigated by observing the prepare steps, studying the convert environment, accumulation samples of raw and fermented milk, intimidate dung, help and milk contact surface swabs, and subjecting clean plates to the milking surroundings. Mean plate counts of market nono samples were at levels considered inadequate for E. coli (≥ 102) in 76 %of samples, potentially dangerous for B. cereus (≥104) in 78% of samples and exceeded acceptable limits for yeasts and moulds (<10) in all samples (100%). E. coli, B. cereus, yeasts and moulds were present as a whole 9 milk samples collected before and after effervescence during established processing. During usual processing, yeasts and moulds were isolated from all sample (100%) with the exception of stiff spoons (78%) and hand swabs (78%). The use of inferior hygienic practices in exploiting as well as the fermentation of prepared milk observed all the while traditional handle could explain appearance of these microorganisms in market samples, as was still detected in inexperienced and fermented milk all the while traditional processing. Findings concerning this study has further highlighted the impact of inferior processing methods and hygiene on food characteristic. There also is an indirect need to educate and help the use of standard practices and novel methods to enhance microbiological quality and safety of native products.

Author(s) Details:

S. Bello,
Department of Food Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

V. J. Umoh,
Department of Microbiology, Akwa Ibom State University, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria.

M. Galadima,
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.

S. S. D. Mohammed,
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Jabi, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RAMB-V2/article/view/9219