In vitro Susceptibility Profiles and Clinical Distribution of Candida parapsilosisSpecies Complex Subtypes from Deep Infections to Nine Antifungal Drugs | Chapter 1 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 8

Introduction: The Candida parapsilosiscomplex can be divided into C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis subtypes. C. parapsilosis complex is the most predominant pathogen in the non-Candida albicans family. It is uncommon for drug sensitivity tests to type them. In routine susceptibility reports, drug susceptibility of C. parapsilosis complex subtypes is lacking.

Aim: This study aims to investigate the antifungal susceptibility and clinical distribution characteristics of the C. parapsilosis complex subtypes causing deep infection in patients.

Methodology: Non-repetitive strains of C. parapsilosis complex isolated from deep infection from 2017 to 2019 were collected. Blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid culture, and pus culture were enriched in a liquid medium. Species-level identification was performed using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer and confirmed using ITS gene sequencing, when necessary. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the Sensititre YeastOne system method.

Results: A total of 244 cases were included in the study, including 176 males (72.13%, 60.69±13.43 years) and 68 females (27.87%, 60.21±10.59 years). The primary diseases were cancer (43.44%), cardiovascular disease (25.00%), digestive system diseases, (18.44%), infection (6.97%), and nephropathy (6.15%). Strains were isolated from the bloodstream (63.11%), central venous catheters (15.16%), pus (6.56%), ascites (5.74%), sterile body fluid (5.33%), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF, 4.09%). Of the 244 C. parapsilosis complex strains, 179 (73.26%) were identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 62 (25.41%) were C. orthopsilosis, and three (1.23%) were C. metapsilosis. Only one C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strain was resistant to anidu- lafungin, micafungin, caspofungin, and voriconazole, and it was non-wild-type (NWT) to amphotericin B. Furthermore, six C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strains were resistant to fluconazole, and one was dose-dependent susceptible. Five C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strains were NWT to posaconazole. Only one C. orthopsilosis strain was NWT for anidulafungin, micafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and posaconazole, while the rest of the strains were wild-type. C. parapsilosis often leads to severe fungal infection in patients with low immune function, especially in children with low birth weight under 2 years old. In the present study, most of the infected population were cancer patients, accounting for nearly half of the samples, confirming that impaired immunity is a risk factor for C. parapsilosis sensu stricto infection.

Conclusion: C. parapsilosis sensu stricto was the main clinical isolate from the C. parapsilosis complex in our hospital. Most strains were isolated from the bloodstream. The susceptibility rate to commonly used antifungal drugs was more than 96%. Furthermore, most of the infected patients were elderly male cancer patients. In summary, C. parapsilosis complex is a common clinical invasive infecting Candida pathogen that requires continuous attention to its epidemiological characteristics and mastering of its clinical threat evolution.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Wei Zhang
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China and Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, 100730, PR China.

 

Minghua Zhan
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China and Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Peking University People’s Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, PR China.

 

Na Wang
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Jingjing Fan
Infectious Disease Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, 15 Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Xuying Han
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Caiqing Li
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Jinlu Liu
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Jia Li
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Yongwang Hou
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Xinsheng Wang
Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Zhihua Zhang
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, No. 12, Changqing Road, Qiaoxi District, Zhangjiakou City, 075000, Hebei Province, PR China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v8/2285

Identification of Some Potential Herbals with Anti-Mucorales (Antifungal) Properties: An Unholy Consortium between COVID-19 and Mucormycosis | Chapter 4 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 12

 The study aims to recognize some potential herbals accompanying anti-Mucorales (antifungal) features.Antifungal and anti-Mucorales drugs are still scarce in the new healthcare system's stock. This has led to a greater mortality rate in the damaged population, specifically following the COVID-19 pandemic. Mucormycosis is a rare but weighty fungal infection of the skin, sinuses, bronchi, and brain, made by a group of ubiquitously present molds named mucormycetes. Although its incident is sporadic, the manifestation maybe life-threatening under various medical environments and the associated risk determinants. A comprehensive research search was conducted across the PubMed table, LILACS, the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar and others using key dispute COVID-19, SARS CoV-2, Mucormycosis, Rhizopus, vaccine, steroids, antifungal drugs and herbals. Full texts of the salvaged articles written in English were accessed.A few of medicinal plants in the way that Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad, Thymus danensis and Thymus carmanicus, Thymus vulgaris L, Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha piperita and some species of sprinkle such as Piper sp., Piper tuberculatum and P. hispidum have all proved to have a promising antifungal effect on Mucorales rising agent. Extensive and intensified research concede possibility be carried out for identify further, design and develop new and more reliable antifungal drugs that can be strong in treating mucormycosis.

Author(s) Details:

Tokika Yepthomi,
Faculty of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, India.

Sanjay Sharma,
Department of Pharmacy Practice, SGT College of Pharmacy, Gurugram, India.

Arshad Alam Khan,
Department of Paramedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Radio Imaging Technology, SGT University, Gurugram - 122505, India.

. Salman,
Department of Paramedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Perfusion Technology, SGT University, Gurugram - 122505, India.

Abhishek Mishra,
Department Fundamental of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, SGT University, Gurugram, India.

Ashita Jain,
Department of Paramedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Radio Imaging Technology, SGT University, Gurugram - 122505, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V12/article/view/9658

Insight into Drugs Induce Liver Toxicity | Book Publisher International

 In the human body, the liver is a vital organ. It has a variety of activities, including metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, and vitamin storage, among others.

Non-reactive chemicals are thought to be biotransformed in two phases: functionalization, which involves the use of oxygen to create a reactive site, and conjugation, which involves the addition of a water-soluble group to the reactive site. Phase I and phase II detoxification refer to the two phases of functionalization and conjugation, respectively. As a result, a lipophilic chemical that cannot be expelled in urine is biotransformed into a water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in urine.

The liver is the primary organ engaged in drug and xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification.

There are three stages of drug metabolism. The superfamily of CYP monooxygenases is involved in phase I drug oxidation. Phase I reactions can convert prodrugs to active forms and xenobiotics to benign molecules, but they can also increase the toxicity of the metabolites in some cases. Phase II processes include sulfation, methylation, and glucuronidation to improve the solubility of oxidised metabolites, which are released by phase III drug transporters found in the membranes of hepatocytes, intestinal cells, kidneys, and other organs for excretion.

A drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a liver injury caused by exposure to a medication or a non-infectious toxic substance that causes organ dysfunction in varying degrees.

From a pharmacological standpoint, two types of DILI can be distinguished: dose-dependent and dose-independent or idiosyncratic. Direct toxicity, also known as dose-dependent DILI, is predictable, repeatable, and develops quickly after consuming a dose that exceeds a recognised hazardous threshold. The damage entity is proportional to the dose given. DILI that is idiosyncratic, on the other hand, is unpredictable and frequently occurs at therapeutic levels. The quantity of damage is not necessarily proportionate to the injected dose, and the time it takes for harm to appear varies greatly.

DILI can cause mitochondrial impairment, biliary efflux inhibition, lysosomal impairment, endoplasmic reticulum stress, production of reactive metabolites leading to chemical stress, oxidative stress, and protein modification, as well as triggering innate and adaptive immune responses and causing cytokine activation. All of these manifestations have the potential to harm the liver.

Acute hepatic necrosis, elevated enzymes, acute hepatitis, cholestatic hepatitis, mixed hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, bland cholestasis, acute fatty liver disease, lactic acidosis, hepatic failure, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia are all phenotypes of DILI.

Author(s) Details

Dheaa Shamikh Zageer
Forensic DNA Center For Research and Training/ Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Sundus Fadhil Hantoosh
Forensic DNA Center For Research and Training/ Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDILT/article/view/2098