A Critical Review on Functional Neurological Disorders and Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: Neurologic Disease NOT a ‘Functional Aetiology’ | Chapter 1 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 3

Neurologic symptoms deemed inconsistent, incongruent, or incompatible with recognised neurologic disease will likely garner a functional (formerly psychogenic) diagnosis, or Conversion Disorder in modern nomenclature. Functional neurological disorders (FND) embody a broad phenomenological spectrum, encompassing psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), abnormal movements, gait abnormalities, and sensorimotor deficits. The theory underlying the functional diagnosis presumes that in the absence of organic findings, the neurologic symptom must have a psychological aetiology and thus, symptom remission rests on psychological intervention. In fact, it is the absence of organic (neurologic) findings that distinguishes a functional disorder from ordinary neurologic disease. This paper explored the history that underlies the FND diagnosis and the modern clinical findings to assess whether the data supports or refutes the FND diagnosis. To generate and support the analysis, a wide sampling of articles on the relevant populations (FND patients and those with symptoms labelled ordinary neurologic disease) was reviewed. The results show that every premise of the psychogenic theory has been debunked by the empirical data. Studies show pervasive organic (neurologic) disease in FND and PNES patient populations; that in many FND and PNES patients, there is no discernible psychological factor that could be responsible for the ‘psychogenic’ symptom.; that physical therapies, not psychotherapy, have emerged as highly effective treatments for movement disorders labelled functional; that, like a substantial proportion of untreated epilepsy patients, many PNES patients show spontaneous remission of symptoms without any psychotherapy at all. The findings starkly expose the inherent flaws of the diagnostic practice promoted in the FND and PNES literature. The diagnosis of PNES relies on the scalp vEEG, a ‘gold standard’ that fails to capture a substantial proportion of epileptiform discharges, particularly those of a frontal lobe origin. The ‘positive signs’ underlying the diagnosis of functional movement disorders are fallible, have been observed in neurologic conditions, and label atypical presentations, and likely early-stage disease, as inconsistent with classic neurologic disorders. Despite compelling evidence that these patients indeed suffer from ordinary neurologic disease and epilepsy, FND and PNES investigators remain highly invested in the ‘functional’ aetiology and show confirmation bias in their interpretation of the empirical data. The ongoing misdiagnosis of neurologic disease and epilepsy as FND and PNES is the real crisis in neurology.

 

Author(s) Details

Carlson CA
Minnesota Judicial Branch, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55487, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v3/5146

Effect of Cues in Neurological Disorders: An Update | Chapter 7 | Current Progress in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2

 Neurological troubles, which can cause a variety of engine deficits, containing weakness, spasticity, tremors, and balance abnormalities, can have a abundant impact on physical functioning. For tangible rehabilitation of sufferers with neurological environments combinations of approaches are used. Various suggest techniques are used for restoration such as Visual hints, auditory cues, Tactile and affecting animate nerve organs cues. These cues are more used for the unconscious patients to increase arousal in bureaucracy. Along with traumatic brain harm cuing is an arising technique for rehabilitation in cases with neurological environments. The results of the researchers plan improvement in the condition of the patient by using able to be seen with eyes and auditory cues in unoriginal treatment approaches.

Author(s) Details:

Shreya Upadhyay,

Department of Physiotherapy, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, SPB Physiotherapy College, Surat, India.

Neha Verma,

Department of Physiotherapy, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, SPB Physiotherapy College, Surat, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMMR-V2/article/view/11287

Neurological Affection and Perspectives on the Orexigenic System during COVID-19 Pandemic | Chapter 1 | Current Overview on Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 5

 The past of coronaviruses disclosed that these viruses were responsible for prior outbreaks, containing the 2003 outbreak of the harsh severe respiring syndrome (SARS). A harsh universal, SARS-CoV-2, began in 2019 and has persisted to peak in following waves on account of the virus' strength to convert versus the party's temporary exemption to it. Obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM), which are two together guide inferior inflammatory states and broken pleura reparative machines, in addition to reduced tissue-to-bronchi ACE2 verbalization in DM, were among the risk determinants related to COVID-19 depression and neurological desire. These risk determinants included ACE2 overexpression in corpulence and DM. Such affecting animate nerve organs care is predisposed apiece ACE2 that SARS-CoV-2 sheds upon introducing the brain and for one angering cytokines that further invade the intelligence. However, ACE2 was not adequate to justify the incident of affecting animate nerve organs disorders accompanying COVID-19, owing to allure lower intellect verbalization, relative to different tissues. Other mediators bear have contributed to specific affecting animate nerve organs disorders, of that, orexins (OXs) are discussed, proper diversified functional correspondences to ACE2. Eventually, this review focal points specific similarities picked in accordance with their possible pertinence to COVID-19 symptomatology and study of plants. As OXs agonists and antagonists are quickly available, it is favorable expected able to prove or discredit the potential benefits of intend the orexigenic system for COVID-19 affecting animate nerve organs pain. It is advised to conduct itemized research utilizing two together in vivo and in vitro models to ratify or decline specific perspective difficulty.

Author(s) Details:

Sherine Abdelmissih,
Medical Pharmacology, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/COPS-V5/article/view/9449

Recent Advances in the Management of Neurological Disorders: Raising Hopes and Future Challenges| Chapter 4 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 3

 Neurological disorders are bigger contributors to the affliction burden worldwide, although exact dossier is not available. Systematic and recorded data are required for affecting animate nerve organs disorders in Indian population to see their risk factors, aetiology, prevalence, and socioeconomic burden of the affliction in Indian population. The past few age have seen progresses in therapy engaged of neurological disorders accompanying modest successes in dispassionate trials.This review names various treatment approaches and recent advances in the administration of neurological disorders.

Author(s) Details:

Juhi Aggarwal,
Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, India.

Amar Ranjan,
Lab Oncology, Dr. BRA Institute- Rotary Cancer, Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi – 110029, India.

M. A. Khan,
Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, India.

Harshita Dubey,
Lab Oncology, Dr. BRA Institute- Rotary Cancer, Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi – 110029, India.

Urvarshi Midha,
Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, India.

Rimlee Dutta,
Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V3/article/view/9062

Assessment of Neurological Disorders among Children using Machine Learning Techniques | Chapter 10 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 10

 

 The early diagnosis of neurological problems in children helps medical personnel to enhance the patients' health. Therefore, it is essential to recognise neurological anomalies since, if treatment is delayed, they might turn into major problems. Medical data may be analysed and the problem can be accurately diagnosed with the help of machine learning algorithms. This research has discovered machine learning algorithms on several accuracy metrics to accurately detect three prevalent neurological disorders. A neurological data set is collected from a neuro clinic facility in order to evaluate the efficacy of machine learning approaches. Numerous psychological examinations, including clinic neuropsychiatric observation, audio evaluation, and intellectual coefficient assessment, are also carried out on people who have neurological diseases. Some of the collected characteristics were found to be crucial for figuring out the problem. The findings unmistakably demonstrate that the chosen ML techniques produced results that were more accurate, and there is just a little variation in how well they performed.

Author(s) Details:

G. Reshma,
Department of Information Technology, PVPSIT, Kanuru, Vijayawada, India.

P. V. S Lakshmi,
Department of Information Technology, PVPSIT, Kanuru, Vijayawada, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V10/article/view/7723