Study on the Sympthom of Tendinopathy of Achilles Tendon in Athletics | Chapter 3 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 7

 The “Tendinitis of Achilles tendon” (TAT) or "Achilles tendon ruptures" (ATR) symptom is a very delicate problem which needs to be solved as soon as the first symptoms appear. It is necessary to conduct a correct anamnesis of the problem, to determine the diagnosis and method of treatment, as well as the introduction of controlled exercises that can contribute to a faster recovery so that the sportsman, an athlete can bring their body to its form and continue training and competition. Athletes often develop inflammation of tendons called tendinitis. This disease can affect only the tendon or tendon wrap or both at the same time. In the case of isolated inflammation of the tendon wrap, what hap-pens is swelling and thickening, which makes sliding (moving) of the tendon within its shell difficult, causing creaking or cracking (crepitation). The most common locus of inflammation of the tendon is on the back side of the lower half of the forearm and lower leg. Tendinopathy of Achilles tendon predominantly occurs in the jumpers (long jump, triple jump), javelin throwers, runners on tracks from 200m to 1500m and long-distance runners.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Ratko Pavlović
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Impact of Specific Exercises on Curvature and Deformity in a Sample of Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis | Chapter 18 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 There are many scoliosis exercises available around the world, many of which provide little value to the patient. Unspecific and specific exercises are distinguished. Many of the signs and symptoms of scoliosis may be significantly improved with specific physiotherapy. However, this has only been confirmed with the Schroth approach and, to a lesser extent, the Schroth Best Practices software. The aim of this research was to see how much correction could be made in terms of spinal curvature and trunk deformity.

Materials and procedures. This is a short-term prospective cohort analysis. 60 patients with idiopathic scoliosis who were routinely treated with the Schroth Best Practice programme at our department were prospectively monitored for at least two months. The average age was 16 years (11–19 years), with a thoracic Cobb angle of 23.5 degrees (6–56 degrees) and a lumbar Cobb angle of 21.2 degrees (6–52 degrees). The average ATR (Angle of trunk rotation) for the thoracic region was 8° (3–18°) and for the lumbar region was 7.9° (2–17°).

The end result. The duration of the follow-up was 2,9 months. The average thoracic Cobb angle decreased from 23.5° to 18.2° (-5.3°; p 0.05) during this period. The lumbar Cobb angle fell from 21.2 to 15.7 degrees (-5.5 degrees; p 0.01). The thoracic ATR decreased from 8 to 5.6 degrees (-2.4 degrees; p 0.01), while the lumbar ATR decreased from 7.9 to 5.7 degrees (- 2.2 degrees; p 0.01). A group of patients with Cobb angles greater than 30° had a correction of more than 9 degrees (p 0.01).

Conclusions: In terms of improving spinal curves and trunk deformity, the Schroth Best Practice programme is extremely successful. Curvatures greater than 30 degrees produce better results than curvatures of less than 30 degrees. Outpatient Schroth Best Practice seems to be more effective than comprehensive in-patient rehabilitation using the old Schroth standard, which is still in use today. This programme can be used as the primary mode of therapy in patients who have reached the end of their growth cycle or who have outgrown their current treatment. Bracing is recommended especially during periods of rapid development. This programme is used in conjunction with standard bracing in this case.

Author (s) Details

Sang Gil Lee
PSCE (Power Schroth Corrective Exercise) Center, Gusan building Seocho-daero 6-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea.

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Study on Radiosensitization of Human Leukemic Cells by ATR Kinase Inhibitor (VE-821): Phosphoproteomic Analysis | Chapter 8 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 9

The DNA damage response (DDR) is a critical mechanism for maintaining genomic stability since it promotes cell-cycle arrest and encourages DNA damage repair, resulting in resistance to a variety of genotoxic insults when activated. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and ATM and Rad3-related kinase are the three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) that control radiation-induced DDR (ATR). As a result, inhibiting PIKKs therapeutically may be a promising technique for increasing radiosensitivity in cancer cells. The aim of this chapter was to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying PIKKs inhibitors' radiosensitization of leukemic cells. We concentrated on VE-821 (3-amino-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamide), a recently developed specific ATR inhibitor that has been documented to have an important radio- and chemo-sensitizing effect limited to cancer cells (mostly p53-deficient) without affecting normal cells. We compared the effects of VE-821 on leukemic cell proliferation, viability, and cell cycle in sham-irradiated and irradiated cells to the effect of another PIKK inhibitor, KU55933, which targets ATM. MOLT-4 cells were radiosensitized by both inhibitors. In addition, we used SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomics to explain the mechanism of VE-821's radiosensitizing effect in human promyelocytic leukemic cells HL-60 in detail (p53-negative). 9834 phosphorylation sites were discovered using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-prefractionation with TiO2-enrichment and nano-liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) study. Further investigation found 328 phosphoproteins that were differentially regulated (false discovery rate 1 percent ). Proteins whose phosphorylation was up- or down-regulated were mainly found in the nucleus and were involved in all phases of the cell cycle and cell division. The effects of VE-821 combined with IR on the mechanisms of the G1/S transition, the intra-S-checkpoint, the G2/M checkpoint, and the function of mitosis-related kinases were all altered. Furthermore, we discovered that inhibiting ATR had an effect on phosphoproteins involved in DDR, gene expression, and apoptosis. Furthermore, sequence motif analysis showed that the behaviours of kinases involved in these processes had changed significantly. Finally, our phosphoproteomic studies allowed us to provide a detailed explanation of ATR kinase inhibition and its effect on cellular response to IR-induced genotoxic stress. Our findings show that ATR plays multiple roles in the response to DNA damage, and that its inhibitor VE-821 is an effective radiosensitizer for leukemic cells.

Author (s) Details
 
Barbora Šalovská
Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Králové, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, 500 01, Czech Republic.

Aleš Tichý
Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Králové, University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, 500 01, Czech Republic.

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