Blood Stain Removal: A Chemical Perspective on Set Stain | Chapter 2 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 6

In healthcare laundry and linen processing, blood stain has been among the major stains encountered during operations. Laundry processors find it difficult to remove blood stains from the linens if allowed to stay for a certain period. However, a fresh blood stain may easily be removed with water at room temperature without application of any chemical or bleach during flush operation or break bath. When blood stain becomes set, removal or treatment seems to be cumbersome on the linen. The extent of the difficulty depends on the fibre composition of the linen or fabric. Blood stains adherence to textile materials or fabrics or hospital linen has been among the major challenging stains, aside from dye migration from one textile to another. There are many stain removal products developed to deal with these problems by different chemical companies globally. All these products have their adverse effects on the properties of the textile fibres that compose the material. The objective of the study is to eliminate the problem of blood stains in human endeavours, especially in laundry processing and healthcare facilities. For instance, chlorine bleach or oxalic acid can cause tendering of cellulosic fibre like cotton. To remove blood stains, it requires understanding the basic chemistry of blood and its constituents. Therefore, other potential stain removals used in this study include: water, detergent, oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, and alkaline sodium hydrosulfite. Method of data analysis involved the evaluation of blood stained fabric sample after treatment through physical comparison of the degree of whiteness obtained with the original white sample (control sample). It was found that sodium hydroxide gave significant removal of the stain, followed by alkaline sodium hydrosulphite, while the rest did not show any significant removal. Furthermore, it can be concluded that sodium hydroxide at 5% concentration or below can effectively remove set blood stain provided the stained textile material has not been previously treated with any stain removal.

 

Author (s) Details

Azeez Mutiu O
Federal Teaching Hospital Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v6/5322

Investigating Reaction Mechanisms in Typical Acid-Base Systems Using pH Metric Titration | Chapter 6 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 5

pH-metric study is very useful to measure the acidity or alkalinity of different types of solutions. In acid-base titrations, also pH meter is also used to find out the neutralization volume. pH-metric study is also useful in determining water quality, as documented by several scientists. In general, the nature of chemical reactions is studied by separating the products, followed by analyzing the products using different methods like spectroscopic methods, chromatograpHic methods, etc. The objective of the present study is to investigate the nature of chemical reactions using pH-meter. Two types of reactions are studied: (a) neutralization of a N₂CO₃ solution by HCl solution and (b) neutralization of  NaOH solution by oxalic acid solution. In both cases, one component is acid and the other component is base. So, a salt is produced as the main product, but the nature of the reaction, i.e., whether the reaction occurs in a single step or multiple steps, cannot be identified by any standard methods.

In the present study, the aforementioned reactions are closely monitored using pH-meter. In case of neutralization of  N₂CO₃ by HCl two sharp drops in pH are observed, one at pH=9 and another at pH=5.7. The observation clearly indicates that the neutralization reaction of a given N₂CO₃ solution by HCl the solution occurs in two steps. It is believed that initially, the carbonate ion is converted to bicarbonate ion in alkaline pH range and later on in acid pH range bicarbonate ion is converted to carbonic acid.

In case of neutralization of a given NaOH solution by oxalic acid solution, only one sharp drop in pH is observed at pH=10.2, indicating that the reaction is believed to occur in a single step.

On the basis of experimental studies, the probable steps of each reaction are proposed to explain the above neutralization reactions.

Besides the conventional spectroscopic method, this novel method is believed to be useful to monitor other chemical reactions accurately, exploring future research works. This pH-metric study is expected to have potential in the development of analytical chemistry and chemical processes related to industry.

 

Author (s) Details

Abhijit Mallick
Department of Engineering Science (Chemistry), Academy of Technology, P.O. Aedconagar, Adisaptagram, District- Hooghly 712121, W.B, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v5/5055

Molecular Characteristics of Managing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Stem Rot in Oilseed Crops | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 9

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a widely distributed plant pathogenic fungus known for having the broadest host range of any plant pathogen. It affects over 400 species across 275 genera, including important cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and cauliflower, tomato, potato, sunflower, soybean, lettuce, and many other plant species. This pathogen predominantly impacts major oilseed crops like canola (Brassica rapa and B. napus) and Indian mustard (B. juncea). The aggressive nature of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the constant evolutionary pressures it faces refine its molecular strategies for successful pathogenesis. As a necrotrophic phytopathogen, it is found globally, affecting a vast number of host species. Control measures such as fungicide applications, cultural practices, and crop rotation are commonly employed by farmers. However, these methods can be expensive, and the uncertainty regarding the appropriate doses and timing for fungicide application poses significant challenges to their routine use. While partial resistance or tolerance has been reported in B. napus and B. carinata, no source of resistance has been identified in B. juncea, which complicates resistance breeding efforts. Recent advancements in biotechnological interventions show promise in developing alternatives to combat Sclerotinia stem rot disease. Techniques such as fungal growth inhibition, activation of defense responses, detoxification of virulence factors, and RNA interference (RNAi) or Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) can facilitate engineered resistance. Developing transgenic oilseed lines that incorporate natural resistance or innate immunity to S. sclerotiorum through genetic engineering represents a potential alternative to existing practices, addressing growers' demands for innovative solutions. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in S. sclerotiorum pathogenesis is crucial for its effective application in research and practical solutions.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Navin C Gupta
ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India.

Pankaj Sharma
ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur, 321303, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v9/3652

Integration of Acetamide Single Crystal Growth Dynamics, Characterisation, NLO, and Antibacterial Properties by Oxalic Acid through Shock Wave Treatment | Chapter 13 | Novel Aspects on Chemistry and Biochemistry Vol. 8

 The ocular and surface morphological traits of the acetamide-doped oxalic acid (OXAC) single clear were systematically resolved for varying numbers of shock pulses (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7) while asserting a constant Mach number of 1.7 so that investigate the impact of shock waves on the material. The slow evaporation design was used to create the test clear of OXAC. The optical microscope and UV–seeable spectrometer were used to examine the surface semantic and optical characteristics, individually. Shock waves are used on non-uninterrupted optical matters because of their extreme nonlinear efficiency and quick backlash in electro-optic switches, exceptionally for organic matters. Among other transparent growth methods, the slow dissolution method has existed used to generate an acetamide-drugged oxalic acid single transparent at room temperature. Single clear oxac applies to shock waves in steps of 50 and 100 shock waves to the tail or the material properties outside altering the original transparent system. The mature and shock wave treated crystal of OXAC were structurally identified by X-ray dissemination and Fourier transform color of blood spectroscopy, UV-Visible and Photoluminescence spectral study, nonlinear optical activity (NLO) studies. Significant changes engaged of applied shock forces to matters. Optical absorption is a notable change when shock is raised, and it is due to the augmentation of the structural order of the materials, that may have happen due to hydrogen bonds. Antimicrobial hearings were conducted, containing a discussion of the findings from the completely clean and antifungal activity of the caused crystals of oxalic acid, OXAC, and OXAC accompanying 50 and 100 shocks. Our results indicate that the possessions of NLO are being enhanced by the post-sudden strong wave generated OXAC clear, which is still evident in fundamental and optical investigations and antimicroibial studies concerning the pre-shock wave caused OXAC crystal.

Author(s) Details:

Lalitha P.,
Department of Physics, Indra Ganesan College of Engineering, (Affiliated to Anna University), Tiruchirappalli-620012, Tamil Nadu, India.

Arumugam S.,
Department of Physics, Centre for High Pressure Research, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu, India.

Sinthiya A.,
Department of Physics, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli-620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

Nivetha C.,
Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu, India.

Muthuselvam M.,
Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NACB-V8/article/view/12500

Analysis and Toxicity of Some Heavy Metals and Organic Acids in Ficus carica (Common Fig) in Sulaimani / Kurdistan-Iraq | Chapter 4 | Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 1

 Serpentine soil is made up of minerals high in magnesium, such as chrysotile, lizardite, and antigorite. The fig tree (Ficus carica) is a globally important plant. It is a nutritive food that is also employed in industrial processes. The distribution of heavy metal concentrations such as Nickel, Cobalt, Zinc, and Manganese in different portions of this plant, such as its leaves, stems, and fruits, is investigated in this study. The organic acid content, which included citric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid, was also calculated. The researched location is Kunjirin, a village in Mawat town located in the northwest extension of the Zagros-fold-thrust belt. Kurdistan Region of Iraq, north-east of Sulaimani Province. Except for zinc, the results demonstrate that there are considerable disparities in heavy metal levels among plant organs. The fruits have the lowest concentration of heavy metals, whereas the leaves have the highest concentration. Furthermore, the organic acids were distributed unevenly throughout the plant organs. The stem, on the other hand, had the lowest level of organic acid, whilst the fruit region of the plant had the highest concentration of organic acids. The results of this study show that the levels of heavy metals in the fruit are within legally permissible limits. This means that both humans and animals are capable of eating such fruits.

Author (S) Details

Othman Abdulrahman Mohammed
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Technical College of Applied Science in Halabja, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq and Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq.

Mohammed Rawf Hussain
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq.

Osama Hamid Shareef
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Technical College of Applied Science in Halabja, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq and Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq.

Abdullah Ahmed Hama
Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq and Department of Medical Laboratory, Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq and Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, University of Human Development, Kurdistan, Iraq.

Sardar Mohammed Weli
Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq and Department of Nursing, Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq.

Fatimah Mohammed Ali
Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq and Department of Nursing, Sulaimani Technical Institute, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq.

Sabiha Sharif Salih
Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq and Department of Medical Laboratory, Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECAFS-V1/article/view/3097

Study on the Structure, Frequency Mode, and Dielectric Properties of Glycolic Acid in the Physiological Salt Solution by Molecular Dynamics | Chapter 10 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 9

A molecular dynamics (MD) research on glycolic acid in physiological salt solution, which is a model of a biofuel cell, was carried out. Gaussian09 uses density functional theory to optimise the structure and charge distribution of glycolic acid in aqueous solution used in MD. The number of particles, strain, and temperature of the MD cell are all fixed in the NPT constant state. The water distribution around the molecules is used to detect the structure difference between glycolic acid and oxalic acid using pair distribution functions, gij(r), and frequency dependent diffusion coefficients, Di (v). Glycolic acid anion and oxalic acid anion have somewhat different transport properties, which may be due to structural differences. The anomalous dielectric constant of the solution, which is around 12 times that of water, has been determined, which can be due to the formation of ion pairs in the solution. This reality may be clarified by the solution's broad dipole moment formation, but further research will have to wait for a future review.

Author (s) Details
 
S. Matsunaga
National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 940-8532 Nagaoka, Japan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICST-V9/issue/view/56