Socio-Economic Impacts of Karura Forest on Livelihoods of the Residents of Huruma Informal Settlement, Nairobi County |Book Publisher International

 

Assessing the socio-economic impacts of the Karura forest is an important aspect of measuring the benefits of the forest towards improving the livelihood of the inhabitants of Huruma informal settlement, which is among the several informal settlements bordering Karura forest. By "informal settlement," the study refers to the unplanned establishment of human dwellings. Huruma settlement has a population of 3000 people, most of whom depend on the resources from the forest for their livelihood. Therefore, this study assessed the socio-economic impacts of Karura forest on the livelihoods of residents living in the adjacent Huruma informal settlement in Nairobi City County. Specifically, the study sought to: evaluate the economic value of Karura forest to the residents of Huruma settlement; examine how the forest’s management system contributes to social behaviour change among community members of Huruma settlement; investigate the effect of participatory forest management (PFM) initiatives in enhancing Huruma community forest stewardship, and examine the role of forest ecosystem services in improving the well-being of residents of Huruma settlement. The study employed a survey research design, targeting multiple stakeholders living in or interacting with Karura forest, comprising residents of Huruma informal settlement, members of the Karura Community Forest Association (CFA), members of the Friends of Karura Forest (FKF) secretariat, and staff and management of Karura forest. The determination of the sample size was conducted using the formula proposed by Nassiuma (2001). Both random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the respondents. Data was gathered from the participants using the questionnaire, interview schedule, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) guide. Data was analysed using both quantitative methods for questionnaire data and qualitative methods for data gathered using the interview schedule and FGD data. Quantitative methods involved both descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, percentages, and means, and inferential statistics, such as Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis. Qualitative analysis was done using thematic content analysis. Quantitative analysis was supported by SPSS version 25.0 computer software, while qualitative analysis was supported by NVivo 14.0 software. The findings affirmed that enhancing the economic value of the forest significantly boosts community well-being. Over 65% of respondents strongly agreed that forest-related activities such as eco-tourism contribute to the local economy, illustrating the forest's pivotal role in both income generation and environmental sustainability. The findings further affirm that Karura forest management has significantly influenced social behaviour change among Huruma residents through crime reduction, increased discipline, and enhanced environmental awareness. A significant proportion of respondents (55.1%) strongly agreed that the management efforts have promoted environmental awareness among Huruma residents. The study also revealed that participatory forest management significantly enhances community forest stewardship and contributes meaningfully to the well-being of residents in Huruma informal settlement. Finally, the findings demonstrated that Karura forest plays a critical role in enhancing the well-being of Huruma residents through its ecological, social, and economic services. The study, therefore, recommends that the Karura forest management authorities and policymakers should prioritise inclusive labour practices, expand income-generating programs, and institutionalise meaningful community participation in decision-making.  It is also recommended that Karura forest management adopt a participatory governance model that includes structured community engagement, equitable labour practices, and co-implementation of social programs. Further, inclusive governance should be reinforced through rotational leadership, youth representation, and strengthened oversight.  Lastly, it is recommended that Karura forest management and relevant stakeholders implement inclusive policies that improve access to ecosystem services for Huruma residents.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kivondo Vashit Mwikali
School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences of Kenyatta University, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-97-8

 

Agricultural Extension and Education in the 21𝑠𝑡 Century | Book Publisher International

 

Agriculture remains the backbone of many economies, particularly in developing nations, where it directly supports livelihoods, food security, and rural development. As the sector continues to evolve under the influence of globalisation, technological advancement, climate change, and policy reforms, the role of agricultural education and extension has become more critical than ever. These two disciplines are not merely academic pursuits but are practical pillars that bridge the gap between research, innovation, and the farming communities that sustain nations.

 

This book provides a comprehensive and timely exploration of the concepts, philosophies, methods, and evolving trends that define agricultural education and extension today. From tracing their historical foundations to examining modern digital approaches, it offers learners, practitioners, and policymakers a well-rounded resource that emphasises both theory and practice. The inclusion of practical examples, contemporary challenges, and strategies for the future makes this work highly relevant in addressing real-world agricultural needs.

 

One of the most valuable contributions of this text is its focus on contextualising global knowledge to the African and Kenyan experience, while also drawing comparative insights that resonate universally. By highlighting participatory approaches, e-extension tools, and the integration of sustainability, the book underscores the importance of inclusive, adaptive, and forward-looking systems of agricultural knowledge transfer.

 

For students, this book will serve as a foundational guide. For extension workers and development practitioners, it will be a practical reference to inform their day-to-day work. For policymakers and researchers, it provides insights into the role of education and extension in achieving food security, poverty reduction, and the Sustainable Development Goals.

 

It is my sincere hope that this book inspires its readers to appreciate the transformative power of agricultural education and extension in shaping resilient farming communities and sustainable rural economies. Indeed, the future of agriculture lies not only in new technologies but also in the effective dissemination of knowledge and the empowerment of people.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Samson Manono Makone
School of Agricultural, Natural Resources and Management, Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Kisii University, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-89-3

 

Technophobia in the Use of ICT among Secondary School Teachers: An Investigation | Book Publisher International

 

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that teachers in secondary schools exhibit the highest level of technophobia towards the use of ICT, primarily due to their anxiety about using technology in the classroom. This fear stems from their lack of familiarity with digital tools and a strong belief that technology cannot replace the role of a teacher in education. In addition to their anxiety, teachers also display significant technophobia towards the use of ICT, particularly concerning their beliefs about the impact of technology in the classroom. Many teachers have developed an aversion to ICT tools, fearing that their use may lead to job reductions or health issues. This fear has led to a higher level of resistance to integrating ICT into their teaching practices. Finally, teachers also express considerable technophobia regarding their access to ICT tools. The lack of access to necessary technology, such as computers, internet facilities, and other devices, contributes to negative feelings toward its use in the classroom. When teachers do not have adequate access to these resources, they feel unable to incorporate technology into their teaching effectively, further increasing their technophobia. This lack of access reinforces their resistance to using ICT tools in secondary schools.

 

This study explores the technophobia exhibited by teachers towards the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in secondary schools, specifically focusing on those with high acceptance scores (80% and above) across various dimensions of technophobia. The research examines the profile of teachers who demonstrate technophobic tendencies, analysing their attitudes, beliefs, and experiences regarding the integration of ICT into the educational environment. By identifying patterns within these teachers' responses and categorising them according to different components of technophobia, the study provides insight into the underlying factors that contribute to resistance to ICT adoption. The findings highlight critical areas for intervention, offering recommendations for addressing and overcoming technophobia in secondary school educators to enhance ICT integration in teaching practices.

 

This study investigates the technophobia among secondary school teachers towards the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), focusing on high acceptance scores (80% and above) in various dimensions of technophobia. The research addresses three key aspects: teachers' anxiety towards ICT, their access to ICT tools, and their beliefs regarding the use of these tools in education. Regarding anxiety, the study finds that teachers are generally fearful of using technology in the classroom, struggle with computer terminology, and feel nervous about making digital transactions or using bank ATMs. Additionally, teachers express the belief that modern technologies cannot replace a teacher in the classroom. On the dimension of ICT tool access, the findings indicate that teachers lack essential ICT resources, such as computers and internet access in their schools. Furthermore, teachers report that they did not receive sufficient training on ICT use during their teacher education programs. Finally, teachers' beliefs about ICT tools reveal that they find them difficult to use, fear that computers are replacing jobs, believe there is too much emphasis on computer education in society, and are concerned about potential future health problems due to prolonged computer use. These insights provide a comprehensive profile of teachers' technophobic tendencies, highlighting areas where intervention is needed to improve ICT adoption and integration in secondary schools.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Aruna Reddi
Department of Education, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Dr. T. Sharon Raju
Department of Education, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-10-7

Integrated Assessment on Coastal Flooding Impacts to the Community Vulnerability in Muaragembong, Indonesia | Chapter 8 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

Aims: This study investigates the ecological degradation and socioeconomic vulnerability causing household-level economic losses caused by frequent coastal flooding in the Muaragembong District, Bekasi, Indonesia.

 

Study Design: This study employed a compound method to assess the physical, ecological, and socioeconomic impacts of tidal-induced coastal flooding in Muaragembong District.

 

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Muaragembong District, Bekasi, West Java Province, during the dry season in July 2019.

 

Methodology: Datasets were collected through onsite observations, interviews, and secondary datasets. Field activities included visual assessments of coastal housing and geomorphology, and structured interviews with 101 respondents drawn from community leaders, fishermen, shrimp farmers, traders, local officials, and fishery housewives. Respondents were selected using stratified random sampling from 200 households distributed across three distance zones: ≤100 m (35 households), 100–150 m (31 households), and >150 m (134 households). Secondary data included the 30 m Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS) topography, tidal levels derived from eight major tidal constituents from the Tide Model Driver (TMD) model, and demographic statistics from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS-Indonesia). Flood inundation was mapped in ArcGIS by superimposing the high water level on the DEM, excluding eroded areas below 0 m and permanent water bodies. Socioeconomic vulnerability was assessed using the Structural Analysis Method (SAM) and MICMAC analysis which is based on the Indonesian government’s statistical database. Economic losses were estimated from the results of interviews using the Averting Behaviour Method and Human Capital Method.

 

Results: The results indicate that tidal flooding in Muaragembong affects approximately 2,683 ha of coastal land, primarily aquaculture areas and mangroves. The flooding imposes substantial annual household losses exceeding US$1M (IDR 15 billion), resulting from 38% of respondents with damage to houses and appliances, 43% respondents who need medical treatments, and 35% respondents experiencing income loss. The hazard also accelerates mangrove dieback, pollution accumulation, and saltwater intrusion, further decreasing local resilience.

 

Conclusion: These findings highlight that the coastal flooding in Muaragembong is not only an environmental issue but also an economic and social crisis. Integrated solutions that combine ecosystem restoration, infrastructure improvements, and community-based adaptation are crucial to reducing future risks and enhancing resilience.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Johan Risandi
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.

 

Ulung Jantama Wisha
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.

 

Terry L. Kepel
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.

 

Endro Soeyanto
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.

 

Dini Purbani
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Karlina Triana
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.

 

Dwi Hindarti
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.

 

Husen Rifai
Research Center for Industrial Economy, Services, and Trade, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Princes Highway, Warrnambool VIC 3280, Australia.

 

Mira
The Center for Behavioral and Circular Economics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

Yeti Darmayati
Research Center for Biosystematic and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Agus Setiawan
Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.

 

Agus Dendi Rochendi
Research Center for Oceanology, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Indonesia.

 

Andi Egon
Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia.

 

Yessi Nirwana Kurniadi
Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, National Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia.

 

Dian Noor Handiani
Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, National Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia.

 

Muhammad Hikmat Jayawiguna
Directorate for Marine and Fisheries Training, Maritime and Fisheries Extension and Human Resources Development Agency, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Munawar Sahabuddin
Research Center for Industrial Economy, Services, and Trade, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6763

Spatial and Seasonal Variation in the Taxonomic Diversity of Soft-Bottom Fish Communities in San Ignacio Lagoon, Baja Caifornia Sur, Mesxico | Chapter 7 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

San Ignacio Lagoon, located in northwestern Baja California Sur, is an important site for commercial fisheries; however, studies specifically addressing the taxonomic diversity of its fish communities remain scarce. To fill this gap, we assessed the diversity of fish associated with soft-bottom habitats across 11 sites from spring 1998 to winter 1999, using alpha, beta, gamma, and taxonomic distinctness indices (Δ* and Δ+). A total of 1,361 specimens representing 44 species and 35 genera were recorded. Seasonal analysis revealed the highest alpha diversity in summer, while beta diversity peaked in spring. Gamma diversity was greatest in spring and summer, with 27 species each. Spatial analysis showed significant differences in Δ+, whereas temporal variation was not significant. These findings highlight the ecological importance of San Ignacio Lagoon and provide baseline data for future monitoring and conservation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Barjau-González, Emelio
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Apdo. Postal 19-B, La Paz, C.P. 23080, BCS, México.

 

Lopez-Vivas, Juan Manuel
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Apdo. Postal 19-B, La Paz, C.P. 23080, BCS, México.

 

Romo-Piñera, Abril K.
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Apdo. Postal 19-B, La Paz, C.P. 23080, BCS, México.

 

Juaristi-Videgaray, Diego
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Apdo. Postal 19-B, La Paz, C.P. 23080, BCS, México.

 

Bernal Espinoza, Dariana G.
Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), Apdo. Postal 19-B, La Paz, C.P. 23080, BCS, México.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6766

Challenges to Entrenching a Sustainable Building Regulatory Framework at Rural Communities in Enugu State of Nigeria |Chapter 6 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

The implementation of building regulations in rural Nigerian communities is uniquely challenged by socio-economic, cultural, and logistical factors. Effective building standards are critical for reducing risks associated with unsafe construction, as an estimated 40% of structures in rural Nigeria face structural issues or hazards due to non-compliance. This study investigates the barriers to implementing building regulations in Nigeria's rural communities, where such regulations are vital for ensuring structural safety, environmental sustainability, and adherence to planning standards. This research is centred in Enugu State, comprising 17 rural Local Government Areas (LGAs) located in southeastern Nigeria. Using a mixed-method approach involving a structured survey with architects, town planners, and community leaders, as the three critical stakeholder groups. This is a quantitative study. A purposive sampling technique was employed. The census sample size for the survey was 253. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were used to summarise the data. The study revealed the key challenges that include limited awareness of regulations, inadequate enforcement mechanisms, socio-economic constraints, cultural resistance, and lack of technical and financial resources. The survey findings revealed that 61.2 % of respondents express a high level of awareness of campaigns and training programs for local artisans (53.1%), indicating a positive inclination towards embracing new approaches. Moreover, logistical impediments, such as inadequate infrastructure (48%) and insufficient personnel or transportation (35%), exacerbate these challenges, reflecting the structural hurdles faced by regulatory bodies in rural areas. The findings underscore the need for targeted strategies to enhance regulatory awareness, improve inter-stakeholder cooperation, and address resource shortages. This research proposes actionable recommendations aimed at creating a more adaptive regulatory framework that aligns with rural realities, promoting safer and more sustainable building practices across Nigeria’s rural communities.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ozigbo, Ikechukwu William-Johnson
Department of Estate Management, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.

 

Ozigbo, Chinelo Adline
Department of Estate Management, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.

 

Mba, Emeka Joseph
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6408

Assessing Community Awareness of Water Infrastructure Encroachment Risks in Makause Informal Settlement, City of Ekurhuleni | Chapter 5 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

The management of the bulk water infrastructure is a critical aspect of urban resilience, particularly as cities expand and informal settlements increasingly encroach upon essential services. Encroachment presents significant threats to water supply systems, elevating the risks of infrastructural damage, contamination, and service disruptions. This study examines the risk of informal settlement encroachment on critical water infrastructure in the Makause informal settlement. It aims to identify the key factors influencing encroachment and to develop predictive models that support proactive, community-based infrastructure protection. A mixed quantitative–computational approach was employed, using survey data from 105 residents. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA were applied to evaluate differences across categorical responses (“Yes”, “No”, “Unsure”). The ReliefF algorithm was used to rank variable importance in predicting encroachment risk. Key predictors were then used to train, validate, and test an artificial neural network (ANN) model to assess its suitability for risk forecasting. The ANN achieved high predictive accuracy, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.95 and low mean squared error values across all modelling phases. ANOVA results confirmed statistically significant differences among selected variables. ReliefF identified community awareness, settlement proximity, and resource access as the most influential predictors. Model validation showed strong agreement between predicted and actual outcomes (p > 0.900), confirming robustness and reliability. This study proposes a novel, data-driven framework that integrates machine learning and statistical analysis for infrastructure risk assessment in informal settlements. It demonstrates how community-generated data can be combined with computational techniques to strengthen urban infrastructure management. The framework offers municipalities and water utilities a practical tool for engaging communities, prioritising interventions, and improving protection of critical infrastructure in rapidly urbanising environments. Results are based on a single case study in Makause and may reflect self-reporting bias. A broader application would require additional case studies and expanded datasets.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mpondomise Nkosinathi Ndawo
Management College of Southern Africa, MANCOSA, Research Directorate, 26 Samora Machel Street, Durban 4001, South Africa.

 

Stephen Loh Tangwe
Central University of Technology, Resources and Operations Division, Bloemfontein 9301, Free State Province, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6697

 

Fuel to Perform: A Practical Guide to Sports Nutrition | Book Publisher International

 

In today’s competitive athletic landscape, optimal nutrition plays a pivotal role—not only in achieving peak performance—but in supporting recovery, long-term health, and sustainable sporting success. Fuel to Perform: A Practical Guide to Sports Nutrition bridges the gap between evidence-based science and everyday application for athletes, coaches and sports-nutrition professionals alike. The book begins by laying a solid foundation: energy systems, macronutrient roles, micronutrient functions, hydration and timing. It then moves into actionable strategies: how to tailor fuel to training load and competition demands, periodize nutrition across training cycles, and harness food-first approaches rather than reliance on supplements. Real-life scenarios, meal-planning tools and recipe ideas help the reader translate concepts into practice across endurance, strength/power and team-sport contexts. Emphasis is placed on individualisation: recognising the interplay of athlete age, sex, training discipline, body composition goals, and lifestyle constraints. Finally, the guide addresses contemporary challenges: travel, injury rehabilitation, recovery, environmental stress (heat, altitude), and the importance of long-term nutritional health beyond the playing field. With clear language, practical checklists, and a focus on ‘fueling to perform’ rather than ‘dieting to look’, this book empowers athletes at every level to eat with purpose, train with confidence and recover with resilience.

Author(s) Details

 

Dr. Mansi Chaudhary
Department of Food and Nutrition, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut – 250005, India.

 

Dr. Ekta Singh Chauhan
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan – 304022, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-83-1

 

Mastering Neurosurgery: A Comprehensive Casebook from Birth to Adulthood | Book Publisher International

 Neurosurgery is a constantly evolving discipline, where every clinical case represents a unique opportunity for learning and advancement. Mastering Neurosurgery: A Comprehensive Casebook from Birth to Adulthood is a distinguished collection of 31 clinical articles that explore in depth the diversity and complexity of neurosurgical pathologies throughout the human lifespan.

 

This book is the outcome of a rigorous and passionate effort that reflects years of academic, clinical, and research experience in neurosurgery. Each chapter is grounded in real case studies, enriched by literature reviews and thematic analyses, to provide both a comprehensive and educational perspective on the discussed pathologies. My goal is to offer a reliable reference for aspiring neurosurgeons, residents, and experienced practitioners seeking to enhance their diagnostic reasoning and surgical decision-making.

Author(s) Details

 

Dr. HABCHI Nawel
Lecturer, University of Victoria, London, United Kingdom and Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, Frantz Fanon University Hospital Center, Blida, Algeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-81-7

The Importance of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Managing Diabetes Mellitus| Chapter 13 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Background: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) is arguably the most important technological advance in diabetes management over the past 15 years. It gives patients and healthcare providers real-time data on blood glucose trends. Most research on CGM has been done in specialised clinics, and there is little awareness of studies using CGM in a general internal medicine residency clinic.

 

Aim: This study aimed to assess whether continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can be safely integrated into an Internal Medicine Residency Clinic.

 

Methodology: This is a 4-year retrospective extension study conducted in an Internal Medicine Residency Clinic, not solely in a specialised Endocrine clinic managing Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and Type 2 in patients using 3-4 insulin injections daily and self-monitoring their blood glucose (SMBG) four times a day. The study was extended by an additional year to increase the sample size and statistical power and to evaluate whether longer-term CGM use results in a sustainable reduction in HbA1c, which also functions as a glucose management indicator. Initially, 51 patients were followed for 3 years, and now the study includes an extra year of data. Subsequently, 40 more patients were added. Additionally, the reduction in the glucose management indicator (GMI) was assessed. In total, 91 patients were monitored. Internal medicine and transitional year residents transitioned patients from SMBG to CGM devices to improve blood glucose monitoring due to uncontrolled diabetes. Each patient was assigned to a specific resident, who was initially trained by an endocrinologist to interpret CGM data and adjust insulin treatments accordingly. These residents contacted their assigned patients by phone every two weeks to adjust treatment as needed.

 

Results: Shapiro-Wilk's test indicated that the post-intervention data did not violate the normality assumption (p = .063), while the pre-intervention data did (p = .003). Participants’ A1c levels before the intervention were higher (M = 10.29, SD = 2.22) compared to after the intervention (M = 7.04, SD = 1.11). Levene’s test showed equal variances between pre- and post-intervention periods (p = .07). Regarding participants’ blood glucose levels, a significant mean decrease of 89.62, 95% CI [-102.76, -76.48], t(91) = -13.547, p < .001, d = 1.83 was observed. To summarise the findings, the mean HbA1c (GMI) decreased by 3.24%, the average blood sugar dropped by 89 mg/dL, and the mean Time in Range (TIR) increased by 45%.

 

Conclusion: The study highlights the potential of CGM to enhance medical residents’ education, a potential that larger prospective trials will further investigate. Expanding CGM use across US residency programs could raise the standard of diabetes care nationwide.

 

 

Author(s) Details

A. Manov
Department of Internal Medicine and Transitional Year, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States.

 

K. Mefferd
Department of Internal Medicine and Transitional Year, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States.

 

Y. Badi
Department of Internal Medicine and Transitional Year, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States.

 

R. Haddadin
Department of Internal Medicine and Transitional Year, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States.

 

V. Milan
Department of Internal Medicine and Transitional Year, Mountain View Hospital, Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6644

Impact of Orthodontic Treatment on Body Mass Index, Self-esteem and Food Habits |Chapter 12 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Body mass index (BMI) is a simple, inexpensive, and widely accepted measure for assessing nutritional status and overall health. It is calculated from an individual’s weight and height and is used globally to classify underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognises BMI as a universal standard for monitoring population health and obesity trends. In children and adolescents, BMI is interpreted using age- and sex-specific percentiles, commonly referred to as BMI-for-age. Beyond being a physical health indicator, BMI also reflects aspects of psychological well-being, as body weight and self-perception are closely interrelated. During orthodontic treatment, patients often experience temporary discomfort, pain, and chewing difficulties following appliance placement or adjustments. To minimise such issues and prevent appliance breakage, orthodontists usually recommend a soft or semi-solid diet. While these dietary modifications help reduce pain and maintain appliance integrity, they may restrict the intake of certain foods, leading to potential changes in nutritional balance. Prolonged adherence to such a diet can influence energy intake, metabolism, and weight, thereby affecting a patient’s BMI. In orthodontics, monitoring BMI has become increasingly relevant, as dietary changes, discomfort, and adaptation throughout treatment may alter patients’ nutritional status over time. Additionally, patients with severe malocclusion often report low self-esteem due to dissatisfaction with their dental appearance. This chapter discusses the longitudinal changes in BMI, food habits, and self-esteem among patients during the first year of orthodontic treatment, offering insights into the interplay between nutrition, physical transformation, and psychological adjustment. It also incorporates findings from a study conducted by the authors on the same topic, providing evidence-based perspectives on how orthodontic treatment influences these parameters over time.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sangeetha M. Gnaneswar
Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College, SRM University, Ramapuram, Chennai, 600089, India.

 

Vimala Gnanasambandam
Department of Orthodontics, Tamilnadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6531

Determining the Seroprevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Pregnant Women at Primary Healthcare Facilities in Nasarawa State, Central Nigeria |Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of pregnant women causes significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with some strains much worse than others. HBV is transmitted through blood and body fluids. The infection causes acute or chronic liver diseases, which are a global public health concern. An estimated 257.5 million people were chronically infected worldwide in 2022, with 1.2 million new infections yearly. Its overall prevalence is around 3.2% which varies significantly by region, with the highest prevalence in the Western Pacific and African regions. Nigeria is still considered one of the highly endemic countries with an estimated prevalence of around 9.5% to 13.6% with Nasarawa State in the central region.

 

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and correlates of infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC) at Primary healthcare facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

 

Methodology: Three hundred and thirty-eight (338) participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional study using a systematic sampling method. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture, processed, and tested using a combo kit with five Sero-markers of HBV. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 software was used for analysis.

 

Results: The prevention of HBV infection among pregnant women remains a major source of concern because of the risk of horizontal and vertical transmission of the disease. The findings showed the prevalence of HBV in this study was 8.3%. Only 12.7% had immune antibodies, while 0.6% showed evidence of occult HBV infection. Age group ≤ 25years (P = .03) was significantly associated with the infection. Higher prevalence was found among women who are polygamists (12.5%), Christians (8.7%), Single (20.0%), had only a primary level of education (9.5%), in Business (16.0%), and whose husbands are farmers (12.2%).

 

Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV in this study was 8.3%. The younger age group were associated with HBV infection in the study area. The low number of women with immunity raises a need to advocate for HBV screening and vaccination campaigns in Nasarawa State and Nigeria, while the presence of occult HBV infection raises concern of possible mother-to-child transmission if intervention is not provided. Enhanced HBV infection sensitisation, routine screening at ANC, early vaccination and youth-focused prevention strategy in the community are recommended. The findings in this study are limited by the absence of molecular confirmation of the results, which requires future studies.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Samuel Ebuga Emiasegen
Department of Planning, Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, Nasarawa State Primary Health Care Development Agency, Nigeria.

 

Grace Rinmecit Ishaku Pennap
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Nigeria.

 

Silas Dogara Gyar
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6432

Quality of Root Canal Fillings Performed by Dental Undergraduates: A Radiographic Study |Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Background: Epidemiologic surveys consistently show that the technical quality of root fillings is strongly associated with periapical status at the population level, underscoring obturation quality as a key determinant of treatment outcome.  

 

Aim: The study aimed to assess the radiographic quality of root canal obturation performed by undergraduate dental students at the College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, focusing on obturation length, taper, and density.

 

Materials and Methods: In this retrospective review, intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs from 400 root canal–treated teeth managed by 4th- and 5th-year students (2016–2018) were evaluated in 2019 by an experienced endodontist. Straight (head-on) and shift/SLOB views were used when required. Technical quality was classified for length (adequate/underfilled/overfilled), taper (adequately tapered/irregular–anomalous), and density (homogeneous/irregular with voids) using predefined criteria. Associations with year of study and tooth group (anterior, premolar, molar) were analysed using the Chi-square test (α = 0.05).

 

Results: A total of 400 completed root canal treatments met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. Of these, 149 cases were treated by 4th-year students and 251 by 5th-year students. By tooth group, the sample comprised 143 anterior teeth (35.8%), 70 premolars (17.5%), and 187 molars (46.8%). For patients treated by fourth-year BDS students, 63.5% demonstrated adequate obturation, whereas 36.5% exhibited deficiencies related to obturation quality. In contrast, patients treated by fifth-year BDS students demonstrated adequate obturation in 71.0% of cases, with 29.0% categorised as inadequate. A statistically significant difference was observed in the length of root canal obturation (P = 0.001). Additionally, the frequency of adequate obturation was significantly higher in anterior teeth than in premolars and molars.

 

Conclusion: 5th-year students demonstrated better control of length and fill density, whereas 4th-year students achieved a higher proportion of adequate taper, particularly in simpler cases. Technical deficiencies clustered in molars, with underfilling and intra-fill voids being most common. Targeted simulation on multi-rooted/curved canals, reinforced protocols for working-length determination and cone fitting, and close chairside supervision are likely to improve outcomes.

 

Clinical Significance: Routine radiographic audit of student cases pinpoints teachable gaps—especially for molars—guiding curricular refinements that elevate the technical quality of undergraduate endodontics.

 

Author(s) Details

Mohammed Mustafa
Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6650

Advances in the Surgical Management of Achalasia Cardia: A Review | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Achalasia cardia, an oesophageal dynamic disorder, is a relatively rare primary motor oesophageal disease characterised by the functional loss of plexus ganglion cells in the distal oesophagus and lower oesophageal sphincter. The management of Achalasia Cardia can be divided into medical and surgical management. This chapter synthesises the literature findings to examine the various surgical procedures available for achalasia cardia, focusing on their respective advantages and potential complications. The surgical management of achalasia cardia has undergone significant advancements over the past decade, particularly following the introduction of Heller's myotomy. Currently, laparoscopic Heller's myotomy, often accompanied by partial fundoplication, is regarded as the gold standard for the surgical treatment of achalasia cardia. Additionally, robotic Heller's myotomy is gradually gaining prominence with the advent of robotic surgical techniques. In contrast, thoracoscopic myotomy is now infrequently performed, and esophagectomy is reserved for patients with end-stage achalasia cardia. The choice of surgical approach is typically individualised, taking into account the patient’s condition and risk profile.

 

Author(s) Details
Kumar H.R.
Taylor’s University School of Medicine Clinical Campus,4700 Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6625

Control of the Shape and Position of a Bow Shock Wave, Drag and Lift Forces, and Self-Sustained Flow Pulsations Using Stratified Energy Supply |Chapter 8 | Physical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

 

In this study, a method for controlling high-speed flows using a continuously acting thermally stratified energy deposition is presented. The study analyses the dependence of the shape and position of a bow shock wave, drag and lift forces, and self-sustained flow pulsations on the temperature values ​​in the layers of a stratified energy source acting on an aerodynamic body. Numerical modelling is based on the system of the Navier-Stokes equations for viscous heat-conducting gas (air) at freestream Mach number M∞=2. A detailed visualisation of the dynamics of the density, pressure, temperature, and local Mach number fields during the controlled establishment of steady-state flow regimes is presented. Multiple manifestation of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is demonstrated. Sharp peaks accompanying the development of Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities are observed. These peaks persist even in the steady-state flow regime established under the action of stratified energy supply, changing the shape of the bow shock wave and giving it a wavy form. Basic approaches to controlling the shape and position of the bow shock wave, drag, and lift (pitch) forces (at zero angle of attack), as well as stability in steady-state supersonic flow past an aerodynamic body, have been developed using a continuously operating thermally stratified energy deposition. The possibility of generating and damping self-sustaining flow pulsations, as well as the formation of a steady flow with opposing, continuously acting lift forces, is demonstrated by changing the temperature in the layers of the thermally stratified energy source. The practical application of the developed methods for control of the characteristics and stability of high-speed flow/flight can be associated with the development of non-mechanical control systems for aircraft at the stage of echelon (horizontal) flight.

 

Author(s) Details

 

O. A. Azarova
Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 44, Moscow 119333, Russia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psniad/v3/6675

 

Introducing A New Method to Obtain Analytic Approximations of the Bessel Function 𝐽1(x) |Chapter 7 | Physical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

 

The power series of 𝐽1(x) is well known and its convergence radius is infinite. In this work, an analytic approximation for 𝐽1(x) has been found, which is simple and precise, and good for most of the applications of these functions in Physics. Two techniques have been used here, and the simplest approximant is a function of four parameters. The technique used here resembles a little the Pade method, since rational functions are used, but now this type of function is combined in an efficient way with elementary functions. Furthermore, series power and asymptotic expansions are used simultaneously, as in the Multipoint Quasi-rational Approximation MPQA method. However, here important improvements have been introduced. Though the form of the approximate is built considering the above two expansions, however the parameters of the approximations are determinates by two methods, one similar to the minimum square error method and the other using the coefficients of two expansions, power and asymptotic. The resulting approximations are very simple yet achieve high accuracy, sufficient for most physical applications of 𝐽1

 

Author(s) Details

Pablo Martin
Department of Physics, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile.

 

Fernando Maass
Department of Physics, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psniad/v3/6605

A Study on Hypergeometric Solutions to Nonhomogeneous Equations of Fractional Order | Chapter 6 | Physical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

 

The study addresses the solution of a nonhomogeneous linear differential equation of fractional order α, equal to the modified Bessel function of order zero (I₀(x)), under the initial condition (f(0) = 0) and with (0 < α < 1). The Caputo definition of the fractional derivative is adopted, which is widely used in the analysis of physical and chemical phenomena such as viscoelasticity, anomalous diffusion, and electrical circuits. By means of the Laplace transform and its inverse, analytical solutions are obtained for the specific cases (α = 1/4, 1/2, 3/4), expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions 2F1. These solutions combine a fractional power of the independent variable (x) with a special function, reflecting the non-integer nature of the differential operator. Furthermore, regular patterns are observed in the parameters of the hypergeometric functions as α varies, suggesting a generalizable structure for other fractional values. The work demonstrates that fractional differential equations can be systematically solved using classical tools of integral and transform calculus, connecting fractional derivatives with families of special functions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Jorge Olivares
University of Antofagasta, Chile.

 

Pablo Martin
University of Antofagasta, Chile.

 

Fernando Maass
University of Antofagasta, Chile.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psniad/v3/6604

De-Risking the Atom: An Integrated Framework of Economic Incentives and Legislative Reforms for Nuclear Energy Deployment in Nigeria | Chapter 5 | Physical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 3

 

Nigeria's ambitious energy transition and economic development goals are critically hampered by a pervasive energy deficit and an over-reliance on volatile fossil fuels. While nuclear power presents a compelling solution for delivering stable, low-carbon baseload electricity, its historical challenges (prohibitive capital costs, complex risk profiles, and stringent regulatory demands) have stalled its adoption across emerging economies. This study addresses a critical gap in the literature by moving beyond technical feasibility studies to propose a holistic, Nigeria-specific framework that synergistically combines innovative economic models, targeted legislative incentives, and robust risk mitigation strategies to de-risk nuclear investments. Through a mixed-methods approach involving systematic literature review, comparative policy analysis, and preliminary economic modelling, the study evaluates the fundamental economic determinants of nuclear viability within Nigeria's unique context. It identifies the high cost of capital, driven by perceived risks, as the primary barrier. A quantitative analysis shows that with a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) reduced from a risky 12% to a de-risked 8%, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for nuclear power in Nigeria could fall from approximately $102/MWh to a competitive $72/MWh. Consequently, the chapter prescribes a detailed framework encompassing financial instruments like tax credits and sovereign guarantees, legislative reforms for regulatory certainty, and layered risk-sharing mechanisms. The analysis concludes that nuclear energy's economic viability in Nigeria is not intrinsic but can be engineered through deliberate policy and legislative action. The chapter advocates for a phased strategy, prioritising Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), and provides a concrete, actionable roadmap for policymakers to translate nuclear ambition into tangible, bankable projects.

 

 

Author(s) Details

EZREL TABIOWO
National Assembly, Federal Republic of Nigeria, Three Arms Zone, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psniad/v3/6465

 

Ecological Significance and Conservation Needs of Fiddler Crabs in the Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem | Chapter 05 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

The Sundarbans, renowned as the world's largest mangrove forest, serves as a haven for a diverse array of species. This unique ecosystem is not only a UNESCO World Heritage site but also a critical natural habitat supporting an array of life forms, many of which are found nowhere else. Among these inhabitants are the often-overlooked fiddler crabs (Uca sp.), small crustaceans that play a pivotal role in maintaining the delicate balance of the Sundarbans ecosystem. This short communication aims to shed light on the ecological significance of these seemingly insignificant creatures, emphasising their crucial contributions to nutrient cycling and the overall health of the mangrove vegetation. Fiddler crabs are integral to the nutrient cycling processes within the Sundarbans. Their burrowing activities enhance soil aeration and facilitate the breakdown of organic matter, enriching the soil with essential nutrients. These nutrients, in turn, support the growth and development of the mangrove trees, which form the backbone of this unique ecosystem. Without their presence, the entire mangrove ecosystem could face disruptions that would impact a wide range of other species, including commercially important fish and crustaceans. Despite their vital role, fiddler crabs face a multitude of threats, including human exploitation, environmental pollution, and the impacts of climate change. The Sundarbans, while renowned for its Bengal tiger population, often overlooks the conservation needs of smaller, less charismatic species like the fiddler crab. Current conservation efforts primarily focus on protecting the tiger, leaving these crucial ecosystem engineers vulnerable. A more holistic conservation approach is urgently needed that must encompass the protection of all species, regardless of their perceived importance. Legal frameworks should be strengthened to safeguard fiddler crab populations, and community engagement programs should be implemented to raise awareness about their ecological significance. Furthermore, increased scientific research is crucial to better understand the ecological role of fiddler crabs and develop effective conservation strategies. Fiddler crabs play a crucial ecological role in the Sundarbans ecosystem, highlighting their importance in maintaining environmental balance. Therefore, it is imperative to expand the conservation lens to include the less-publicised, yet equally crucial, inhabitants, like the fiddler crab. By incorporating the conservation needs of these lesser-known species into broader conservation efforts, we can strive towards a more sustainable future for this unique and invaluable natural treasure.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Ghosh S
Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6592

Congenital Goitre in Newborn Goat Kids: A Case Study | Chapter 04 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Background: Congenital goitre is a deadly thyroid metabolic disorder characterised by low thyroid hormone levels, subsequent secretion of excess Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland, and compensatory hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. This study reported a case of congenital goitre in a goat kid and highlighted the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management strategies.

Case Presentation: A case of day nine-day-old kid was presented at VCC, College of Veterinary Sc & A. H., Rewa, with a complaint of swelling under the neck, gasping and anorexia. Upon clinical examination, the lesion revealed hard, glandular, painless and palpable swelling cranio-ventral neck region, in the throat at the thyroid region. Clinical signs revealed gasping with a respiratory rate of 56/min, a temperature of 104.3 F and a pulse rate- 98/min. Haematological examination revealed anaemia with low RBC count and haemoglobin value. On the basis of clinical signs and laboratory findings, the case was diagnosed as congenital goitre. The goat kid was treated with an antibiotic (Cefriaxone @ 10 mg/kg B. Wt. IM for 3 days), an antiinflammatory drug (injection Melonex 0.2 mL IM), and oral haematinic (RBC Rakkt @ 2.5 mL twice a day for 15days).  Lugol’s iodine was used as an iodine supplement.

Conclusion: Goitre in goat kids is particularly noteworthy due to its potential impact on overall health and growth. Goitre caused by iodine deficiency is preventable and treatable. Animals surviving the initial danger period after birth may recover, except for partial persistence of the goitre. Iodine feed supplementation and providing a balanced mineral ration to pregnant goats reduces the risk of goitre in neonates.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Saurabh Banerjee
OUAT Bhubaneswar Odisha, Baikunthpur (C.G.), India.

 

Kanchan Walwadkar
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Rewa Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur (M.P.), India.

 

Apurv Kaushik
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Rewa Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur (M.P.), India.

 

Deeksha Yadav
OUAT Bhubaneswar Odisha, Baikunthpur (C.G.), India.

 

Dharna Jha
OUAT Bhubaneswar Odisha, Baikunthpur (C.G.), India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6684

Adaptation of Owls to Urban Life: A Review of Owls’ Dietary and Behavioural Responses to Worldwide Anthropogenic Challenges and Environmental Change |Chapter 03 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Ever-increasing urban expansion has led to worldwide habitat destruction, fragmentation, and degradation, posing serious threats to wildlife. As the world’s only nocturnal avian apex predator, owls not only have to adapt to anthropogenic challenges, such as artificial light and noise (ALAN), but also adapt to hunting different prey species. Here, we review more than 140 owl diet studies representing 20 different owl species inhabiting rural and urban landscapes in Europe, North America, South America, North Africa, South Africa, India, Southeast Asia and Australia. Primarily, we investigate whether there was a relationship between the degree of urbanisation surrounding nest/roost sites, and the proportion of synanthropic rodents (the Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus, Black Rat Rattus rattus and House Mouse Mus musculus) and birds in their diet. The similarity index was calculated to show the degree of differences in two compared components of the urban and rural diet of the studied owl species. In total, SI for 20 owl species was 0.32 in urban rats/house mice vs. rural rats/ house mice, and 0.50 in urban birds vs. rural birds. High rats/house mouse consumption in urban environments has been documented for most owl species living in cities. Similarly, suburban and urban owls often eat many more birds than their rural counterparts, but the difference is less prominent, as shown by a higher similarity index. Although interactions with powerlines and roads are primarily problems in rural and natural environments, we have presented them here as further anthropogenic obstacles for owls to navigate. Studies such as this one may help form environmental mitigation strategies for future urban expansion.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Heimo Mikkola
University of Eastern Finland, Koskikatu 9B31, 80100 Joensuu, Finland.

 

Alan Sieradzki
Global Owl Project, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6617

A Review on the Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Potential of Cissus quadrangularis L. | Chapter 02 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

The family Vitaceae consists of several species of plants that have many properties to cure many illnesses and disorders in mankind. Many plant extracts have been reported to have pharmacological uses in many therapies. Manufacturing and pricing of herbal pharmaceuticals can make them more favourable to be exploited in research and progress of new treatment approaches, permitting patients to connect to new medications which are faster and safer for relexification. This review reveals a species of Cissus named Cissus quadragularis L., about its medicinal and herbal uses and its utilisation in the medical field due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as tannin, alkaloid, and flavonoids, as it is used in the drug and cosmetic industry. This review explores the phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential of Cissus quadrangularis, focusing on its application in herbal formulations. The plant exhibits a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenolic glycosides, found in various parts such as the stem, leaves, fruits, and roots. These phytochemicals contribute to its broad pharmacological activities, which include anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antiobesity, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and bone-healing properties, and female health, as it is used to regulate menstruationduet. Although the review shows therapeutic and pharmacological properties and uses of Cissus quadrangularis as a medicinal herb. It was concluded that the root stem leaves, fruit extracts of the plant C. quadrangularis have therapeutic potential and are acknowledged to possess wound healing, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity and are regularly used to quicken the process of bone fracture healing. The plant is considered a versatile medicinal plant in both the Ayurvedic and modern drug development fields for its valuable therapeutic uses. C. quadrangularis needs to be appraised in scientific research using specific experiments on animal models and clinical trials to recognise the molecular mechanism of action, in the exploration of lead molecules from natural resources.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Ruchika Khatri
IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, India.

 

Smita Purohit
Department of Botany, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6591

Sarcopenic Obesity in Patients with Gastroduodenal Ulcer in Lomé, Togo | Chapter 01 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Background: Gastroduodenal ulcer disease (GUD) is a significant health burden in urban West Africa, a region undergoing a rapid nutritional transition. Conventional assessment using Body Mass Index (BMI) may fail to detect complex malnutrition phenotypes like sarcopenic obesity that could impair ulcer healing. While the infectious and pharmacological etiologies of GUD are well-documented, a critical knowledge gap persists regarding the role of nutritional status as a modulator of disease severity and healing capacity. This gap is particularly concerning in the context of the rapid and profound nutritional transition currently underway in urban African centres like Lomé.

Aim: This study aimed to characterise the detailed nutritional and metabolic profiles of GUD patients in Lomé, Togo, to unmask these underlying disorders.

Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study, conducted from July to October 2024, recruited 127 patients with endoscopically confirmed GUD. Data were collected on sociodemographic, clinical, and dietary characteristics, with dietary quality assessed via a Dietary Diversity Score (SDA). A score of ≤ 4 was classified as low dietary diversity, while a score of ≥ 7 was considered high diversity.

Body composition, including visceral fat and skeletal muscle mass, was Evaluated using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Fasting venous blood was analysed for key biochemical markers, including albumin, folate, and homocysteine.

Results: The cohort (mean age 43.7; 35.4% Helicobacter pylori positive) presented a paradoxical nutritional profile. While BMI classified only 31.5% as overweight or obese, BIA revealed a high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity: 46.5% exhibited a low protein index, and 39.4% had visceral obesity. Poor dietary quality (SDA ≤ 4) was significantly associated with lower concentrations of prealbumin and albumin (p<0.05), reduced serum folate (p<0.01), and consequently higher, detrimental levels of homocysteine (p<0.01). The strong inverse correlation between a low Dietary Diversity Score (SDA) and elevated homocysteine levels, mediated by folate deficiency, unveils a critical metabolic pathway that further hinders recovery. Regular fruit consumption was protective against H. pylori infection (OR = 0.42), while a low education level was an independent risk factor (OR = 2.85).

Conclusion: Patients with GUD in Lomé are affected by a severe "double burden of malnutrition." The high prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, entirely masked by BMI, fosters a systemic metabolic environment of pro-inflammatory visceral adiposity and depleted protein reserves that is fundamentally antagonistic to mucosal healing. These findings highlight the inadequacy of BMI and underscore the urgent need to integrate body composition analysis and key biochemical markers into clinical assessment to guide effective nutritional interventions. This study has some limitations, including its cross-sectional design and its single-centre focus at a tertiary hospital. Future research should explore longitudinal studies to better understand the causal relationships between nutrition, body composition, and GUD progression.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Kponou Mathieu Bienvenu TOBOSSI
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Abomey – Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Mamatchi MELILA
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 BP 1515 Lomé 01, Togo.

 

Mlatovi DEGBE
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 BP 1515 Lomé 01, Togo.

 

Abdel Haziz SINA OROU
Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Abomey – Calavi, 01 BP 526, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6570

Comprehensive Clinical Insights into the Diagnosis, Management and Complications of Pickwickian Syndrome | Chapter 8 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of the clinical understanding of Pickwickian Syndrome, with a focus on its diagnosis, management, and associated complications. Pickwickian Syndrome, or Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS), is a serious obesity-related respiratory disorder defined by chronic daytime hypercapnia (PaCO₂ > 45 mmHg), obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²), and exclusion of other hypoventilation causes. It arises from a complex interplay of impaired ventilatory drive, leptin resistance, and mechanical respiratory restriction, often coexisting with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in nearly 90% of cases. OHS leads to chronic hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale if untreated. Diagnosis relies on arterial blood gas analysis, polysomnography, and exclusion of alternative etiologies. A key diagnostic feature is chronic hypercapnia (PaCO₂ >45 mmHg), often accompanied by compensated metabolic alkalosis due to renal bicarbonate retention.  There may also be hypoxemia (PaO₂ <70 mmHg), particularly in more severe cases. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach emphasising weight reduction, lifestyle modification, and positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy—CPAP for OHS with OSA and BiPAP for persistent hypercapnia. Bariatric surgery offers substantial improvement in severe cases. Pharmacologic agents like acetazolamide and medroxyprogesterone serve limited roles. Early recognition and adherence to therapy markedly improve outcomes, reducing mortality from 30% to under 10%. Despite advancements, OHS remains underdiagnosed and undertreated, highlighting the need for greater clinical awareness, digital monitoring integration, and personalised management strategies.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Harsahaj Singh Wilkhoo
Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

 

Afra Wasama Islam
Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6708

Advancing Healthcare Delivery through Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 7 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Telemedicine and remote patient monitoring (RPM) solutions represent a paradigm shift in healthcare delivery, harnessing the power of digital technologies to improve patient care, enhance accessibility, and reduce costs. Telemedicine facilitates virtual consultations, digital health platforms, and real-time diagnostics, allowing healthcare professionals to interact with patients across geographic barriers. RPM, on the other hand, enables continuous tracking of patient health metrics such as heart rate, glucose levels, and blood pressure through wearable and connected devices, promoting proactive management of chronic diseases and reducing hospital readmissions. Recent advancements, including artificial intelligence (AI) for predictive analytics, wearable biosensors, and high-speed 5G networks, have expanded the scope and efficiency of telemedicine and RPM. These solutions proved invaluable during the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring continuity of care while minimising physical contact. However, challenges persist, including concerns around data security, interoperability, regulatory barriers, and disparities in access to technology. This review explores the evolution, benefits, and challenges of telemedicine and RPM, while addressing their potential to transform global healthcare systems. It highlights key innovations, regulatory considerations, and the need for equitable access to bridge healthcare gaps. By integrating these technologies into routine care, the future of telemedicine and RPM holds the promise of improved patient outcomes, cost efficiencies, and greater resilience in healthcare systems worldwide.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vajrala Leela Lakshmi
Department of Pharmaceutics, Narayana Pharmacy College, Nellore -524004, India.

 

S. Naveen Taj
Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati -517502, India.

 

R. Radha
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Sri Venkateswara college of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Chittoor – 517127, India.

 

M. Krishnaveni
Department of Pharmaceutics, Narayana Pharmacy College, Nellore -524004, India.

 

Sibbala Subramanyam
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vignan Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Guntur – 522002, India.

 

D. Jothieswari
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Sri Venkateswara college of Pharmacy (Autonomous), Chittoor – 517127, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6727

Management of Perforated Peptic Ulcer: A Review of Operative and Non-operative Approaches | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Perforated peptic ulcer represents the second most prevalent complication associated with peptic ulcer disease, and its management is categorised into surgical and non-surgical approaches. Surgical intervention encompasses the closure of the ulcer utilising an omental patch, which can be executed through either open or laparoscopic techniques. In cases of larger ulcers, surgical resection in the form of partial gastrectomy is performed. Non-surgical treatment modalities include the administration of intravenous antibiotics, endoscopy, and stent placement, primarily reserved for patients deemed unsuitable for surgical intervention. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is another area where intervention may enhance clinical outcomes and reduce the risk of ulcer recurrence. It is imperative that the surgical treatment of a perforated peptic ulcer is not delayed, as postponement can lead to increased mortality. This review aims to examine the role of laparoscopic surgery in the management of perforated peptic ulcers. Additionally, it will explore the significance of non-operative treatment and the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in the management of perforated peptic ulcers.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kumar H.R.
Taylor University School of Medicine and Health Science, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6716

Current Evidence on the Image Quality and Diagnostic Effectiveness of Metal Artefact Reduction Algorithms in Dental CBCT: An Overview | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

Dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has significantly enhanced diagnostic capabilities in maxillofacial imaging, offering high-resolution, three-dimensional views with relatively low radiation exposure. Compared with computed tomography, CBCT generally delivers a lower radiation dose when producing images for equivalent diagnostic objectives. However, the presence of metallic objects such as implants, restorations, and orthodontic appliances often introduces image-degrading artefacts that compromise diagnostic accuracy. Various metal artefact reduction (MAR) algorithms have been developed to counteract these limitations. In recent years, various post-processing methods have been developed to minimize the impact of metal artefacts in CBCT. Despite these advances, the clinical effectiveness of MAR in dental CBCT remains unclear. Most existing studies are in vitro, relying on phantoms or extracted specimens under controlled conditions that do not fully replicate the complexity of in vivo imaging. There is a critical need for well-designed clinical studies which can determine when and how MAR algorithms truly enhance diagnostic outcomes in different dental applications. This review synthesizes current evidence on the diagnostic effectiveness of MAR algorithms in dental CBCT, emphasizing their methodological principles, clinical outcomes, and limitations across different imaging contexts.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Seershika Reddy Y
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Kundrathur, Chennai-69, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Kavitha M
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Kundrathur, Chennai-69, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Niveditha B
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Kundrathur, Chennai-69, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Devi S
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Kundrathur, Chennai-69, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Gurucharan R
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Kundrathur, Chennai-69, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vigneshwaran J
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Kundrathur, Chennai-69, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6628

Anatomy and Clinical Significance of Arachnoid Villi and Arachnoid Granulation | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 2

 

The brain is a very important part of the human body as it is the seat of intelligence, judgement, memory and all activities of the human body are controlled by the brain. It is protected by three membranes, viz, outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater and inner pia mater. The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid is a very essential component as it acts like a cushion for the brain, protecting it from various types of shocks, trauma and during movements of the head and neck.

 

The main feature of arachnoid mater is the presence of arachnoid villi, which are protrusions of arachnoid mater along with the subarachnoid space through dura mater into the dural venous sinuses. These arachnoid villi absorb the cerebrospinal fluid into the venous sinuses. As age advances, the arachnoid villi enlarge to form arachnoid granulations, which may erode the cranial bone, forming arachnoid pits. The arachnoid granulations may be misinterpreted as venous sinus thrombosis or an extradural mass in MRI and CT scans. Hence, normal and varied anatomy of arachnoid villi and arachnoid granulations is of paramount importance. The chapter highlights the formation of arachnoid villi and arachnoid granulations, their clinical implications, along with a brief history.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Rajani Singh
Department of Anatomy, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai Etawah 206130, UP, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v2/6646