Future-Proofing the Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Service: Strategic Foresight and Institutional Resilience in Correctional Systems | Chapter 8 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 9

 

Contemporary correctional institutions are increasingly embedded within complex sociotechnical, environmental, and security systems that expose them to systemic shocks and deep uncertainty, including climate-linked disruptions and resource constraints. In Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Service (ZPCS) exemplifies these systemic pressures, reflecting the broader structural and operational constraints characteristic of correctional institutions in resource-limited contexts.

 

This study examines the growing vulnerability of contemporary correctional systems to intersecting technological, environmental, security and governance disruptions, with particular reference to the Zimbabwe Prisons and Correctional Service. Although Zimbabwe has not yet experienced widespread radicalisation or organised gang violence within correctional institutions, regional developments and the increasing mobility of incarcerated populations highlight the need for anticipatory preparedness. These emerging risks are compounded by structural challenges within the correctional system, including dependence on firewood-based energy, climate-sensitive agricultural production and limited digital infrastructure, which collectively heighten institutional exposure to climate variability, resource insecurity and operational disruption. Adopting a qualitative and conceptual research design grounded in strategic foresight analysis, the study examines how correctional leadership can strengthen institutional resilience, anticipate future shocks and enhance long-term adaptability. The analysis draws on strategic foresight methodologies including contextual analysis and scenario-based reflections to examine emerging risks facing correctional governance. This chapter advances a strategic foresight perspective on correctional governance by proposing a resilience-oriented framework for anticipating and managing emerging disruptions in correctional systems. Guided by systems theory, organisational resilience theory and strategic foresight perspectives, the analysis integrates global governance priorities with the contextual realities of Zimbabwe’s correctional environment.

 

The study proposes an integrated resilience framework structured around five mutually reinforcing pillars: digital integration, climate-smart sustainability, energy transition, ideological threat preparedness and rehabilitative innovation. Through scenario-based reflection, the framework illustrates how these pillars can enhance adaptive capacity, mitigate emerging risks and balance custodial security with rehabilitative effectiveness. The chapter contributes to emerging debates on correctional governance by advancing a forward-looking model that shifts institutional responses from reactive crisis management toward proactive and adaptive transformation. Through emphasising foresight-driven leadership, strategic partnerships and cross-sector collaboration, the study positions correctional systems as critical actors in national security, social rehabilitation and sustainable development within an increasingly complex and uncertain global environment.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Moses Cyril Ngawaite Chihobvu
CUT Graduate Business School, School of Entrepreneurship & Business Sciences, Chinhoyi, University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.

 

Dennis Nikisi
CUT Graduate Business School, School of Entrepreneurship & Business Sciences, Chinhoyi, University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.

 

Tsitsi Mufudza
CUT Graduate Business School, School of Entrepreneurship & Business Sciences, Chinhoyi, University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v9/7294

 

Urinary Electrolyte Patterns among Populations of Grand Sido and Kouh-Est: A Comparative Study | Chapter 7 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 9

 

Background: Urinary electrolytes play a key role in assessing hydration status, metabolism and renal function. The term “urinary electrolytes” generally refers to the urinary concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride. In many parts of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, data on the composition and concentration of urinary electrolytes remain limited, especially in rural areas.

 

Aims: This study aimed to characterise and quantify the major urinary electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻) in two rural areas of southern Chad: Grand Sido and Kouh-Est.

 

Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted among 783 volunteer participants aged 5–90 years residing in Grand Sido (n = 430) and Kouh-Est (n = 353). Morning urine samples were collected under aseptic conditions and transported to the laboratory in accordance with storage conditions. Urinary concentrations of sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and chloride (Cl⁻) were determined using standardised biochemical methods (colourimetric methods). Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test to compare electrolyte profiles between the two areas and across age groups, with a significance threshold set at p < 0.05.

 

Findings: This study highlights significant differences in urinary electrolyte profiles between Grand Sido and Kouh-Est, reflecting the influence of nutritional factors, access to drinking water, and local environmental conditions. The observed prevalence of electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatraemia and hypocalcaemia, suggests a state of nutritional and metabolic vulnerability within the studied populations. These disturbances may be associated with inadequate dietary intake, increased hydroelectrolytic losses, or the presence of chronic and endemic parasitic diseases, including renal disorders and schistosomiasis.

 

Conclusion: These findings provide a useful reference for assessing hydration status and renal function in these rural populations. They also offer an important basis for developing targeted nutrition, prevention, and public health strategies adapted to the specific context of southern Chad. Despite certain limitations, including the absence of systematic measurement of urinary creatinine and acid–base parameters and limited information on participants’ dietary habits, this study provides important preliminary data and a regional baseline that may guide future research in southern Chad.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdelsalam Hassan Gogo
Laboratoire d’expertise, de Diagnostic et de Recherche (LaboRedes), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, Chad.

 

Mahamat Alhadj Moussa Ibrahim
Laboratoire d’expertise, de Diagnostic et de Recherche (LaboRedes), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, Chad.

 

Brahim Adoum Ahmat
Laboratoire d’expertise, de Diagnostic et de Recherche (LaboRedes), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, Chad.

 

Abdelsalam Tidjani
Laboratoire d’expertise, de Diagnostic et de Recherche (LaboRedes), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Humaine, Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, Chad.

 

Aly Savadogo
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Immunologie Appliquées (LaBIA), Université Joseph KI-Zerbo, BP 7131 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v9/7285

Active Phase Stabilisation in a Plasma Resonator Using Feedback Control and Auxiliary Scalar-like Coupling | Chapter 6 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 9

 

Maintaining coherence in resonant plasma and hybrid quantum systems remains a central challenge due to phase drift, environmental coupling, and entropy production. In this work, we investigate an active coherence locking framework for a plasma-based resonator using feedback-mediated phase control, auxiliary scalar field coupling, and entropy-aware regulation. The present study focuses explicitly on classical phase coherence, defined here as sustained phase synchronisation between coupled oscillatory degrees of freedom, while treating quantum coherence as a long-term target rather than a demonstrated property of the modelled system.

 

A phenomenological scalar field is introduced as an auxiliary control channel that mediates phase alignment between resonant plasma modes, while entropy flow is monitored and regulated to suppress destabilising fluctuations. Using time-resolved numerical simulations, we demonstrate that active feedback can rapidly drive the system into a stable phase-locked regime and maintain coherence within defined operational bounds. A critical instability threshold (“tearing threshold”) is identified, beyond which feedback control fails, and coherence degrades.

 

While the underlying plasma dynamics are treated in a classical or semiclassical regime, the control architecture is motivated by concepts from quantum feedback and coherence preservation. The results establish a classical coherence-stabilisation platform that may serve as a precursor to experimentally testable strategies for coherence preservation in more explicitly quantum systems. This work, therefore, provides a controlled bridge between classical resonant stabilisation and future quantum-coherent implementations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Derrick Covington
Department of Veterans Affairs, United States.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v9/6896

A Customised LSTM-Based Deep Learning Framework for Transformer Predictive Maintenance: Performance Analysis | Chapter 5 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 9

 

Transformers are critical and costly components of power systems whose health deteriorates over time due to factors such as poor cooling and heavy loading. Consequently, predictive maintenance is emerging as an effective alternative to conventional corrective maintenance, enabling continuous monitoring and early fault detection.

 

To enhance the effectiveness of predictive maintenance for power transformers under limited Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) data conditions, this study proposes a customised Long Short-Term Memory (C-LSTM) deep learning model. The developed C-LSTM architecture is specifically designed to address the limitations of conventional LSTM networks, which often exhibit higher classification error rates when trained on small datasets and may underperform compared to traditional machine learning approaches.

 

A comprehensive performance evaluation was conducted by comparing the proposed C-LSTM model with several well-established traditional machine learning algorithms using multiple metrics, including validation accuracy, test accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Additionally, the diagnostic capability of the model was rigorously assessed across seven transformer fault categories, including low- and high-energy discharges, partial discharge, electrical and thermal faults, and low-, medium-, and high-temperature thermal faults.

 

The experimental results demonstrate the superior classification and diagnostic performance of the proposed C-LSTM model, achieving a validation accuracy of 100% and a test accuracy of 98.57%, significantly outperforming conventional machine learning techniques. These findings confirm that the proposed C-LSTM framework offers a robust and reliable solution for transformer fault diagnosis and predictive maintenance, particularly in scenarios characterised by scarce DGA datasets.

 

 

Author(s) Details

G.V.S.S.N. Srirama Sarma
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Matrusri Engineering College, Saidabad, Hyderabad, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v9/6804

 

Geographic Information System to Study the Spatial Distribution of Pigeonpea Flower Webber, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Leaf Webber, Grapholita critica (Meyr.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Kalaburagi District, India |Chapter 7 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 7

 

The flower webber Maruca vitrata (Geyer)leaf webber, Grapholitacritica (Meyr.) are lepidopteran pests of pigeonpea, which results in heavy crop loss by webbing leaves and floral parts. The study was conducted using a GIS tool to assess the spatial distribution of pests and their incidence with weather parameters (temperature and rainfall) to develop risk assessment maps for precise pest management. It was employed to know the spatial distribution of pests across the Kalaburagi district from 2013 to 2016. A total of 2752 survey points were generated through the e-SAP (Electronic Solutions against Agricultural Pests) application. From these data points, spatio-temporal analysis was carried out using ArcGIS software to determine the distribution of pests across space and time.  Kalaburagi district is more prone to pest attack, especially in Chincholi, Sedam, and Kalaburagitalukas. The rainfall and maximum temperature are the most influential factors on the population of M. vitrata. Overlay analysis indicated that the incidence level of M. vitrata attained ETL status in the eastern part of Kalaburagi, which recorded the highest rainfall, ranging between 423 and 501 mm and with maximum temperature in the range of 31.11 to 32.84 °C. Whereas, in the other regions, the district with less than 403 mm rainfall and less than 31°C recorded pest incidence at less than ETL. In the case of leaf webber, the rainfall and maximum temperature are the most influential factors on its population. Overlay analysis indicated that rainfall of more than 400 mm with a one-month lag time and maximum temperature above 32°C with 10 days lag time favoured the higher incidence of pest.

 

 

Author(s) Details

A. Prabhuraj
Department of Agriculture Entomology, College of Agriculture, Raichur University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, India.

 

R. S. Patil
Department of Agriculture Entomology, College of Agriculture, Raichur University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, India.

 

N. L. Rajesh
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Raichur University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, India.

 

S. G. Hanchinal
Department of Agriculture Entomology, College of Agriculture, Raichur University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v7/7186

Marine Biopolymers in Advanced Wound Care: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications | Chapter 10 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Wound healing is a complex physiological process that can be disrupted by pathological conditions, causing chronic wounds when they represent a significant burden on health systems. Marine-based biopolymers, particularly chitosan and alginate, have attracted attention as wound care biomaterials due to their properties, such as being biocompatible and biodegradable with intrinsic bioactivities. Nutritional interventions are also predominantly carried out to promote the wound-healing process, and this chapter provides a detailed panorama on the clinical uses of chitosan and alginate, which are already utilised in wound healing amidst nutritional interventions as observed. The present study describes mechanisms of action along with haemostatic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects. The chapter summarises the experimental and clinical evidence, including randomised controlled trials, showing that chitosan-based dressings are effective in promoting healing of chronic ulcers such as diabetic foot ulcers. Instead, with clinical experience, alginate dressings used in high-exudate wounds are shown as beneficial; yet, systematic reviews revealed that this type of dressing did not promote healing rates better than other alternative modern dressings. It also addresses the synergetic effects of a composite dressing that consists of chitosan and alginate, as they demonstrate superior mechanical and therapeutic features in preclinical models. Oral chitosan and alginate are nutritional supplements that are generally believed to promote wound healing (although this is speculative without clear clinical evidence). Future studies could enable the development of “smart” dressings, and larger, more definitive clinical trials are required to realise the true potential of these marine-derived biomaterials in advanced wound care.

 

 

Author(s) Details

A. A. Zubair
PG and Research Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Microbiology, MES Ponnani College, Ponnani South, Malappuram, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7253

Histopathological Assessment of Intestinal Morphology in Japanese Quails Following Essential Oil Supplementation | Chapter 9 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Among livestock sub-sectors, the poultry industry is the most organised and scientifically advanced, and has emerged as the fastest-growing segment of Indian agriculture. Essential oils, derived from herbs and medicinal plants, have gained considerable attention as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and digestive stimulant properties. Despite the documented benefits of essential oils in broilers, limited information is available on their effects on growth performance and nutrient utilisation in Japanese quails under Indian conditions. The present study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation of cinnamon and peppermint essential oils on intestinal histomorphology in Japanese quails. Two hundred day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: basal diet (control), cinnamon oil (500 ppm), peppermint oil (500 ppm), a combination of both oils (250 ppm each), and a higher-level combination (500 ppm each) for 35 days. Jejunal samples were collected at the end of the trial for histological examination. Villus height, crypt depth, and villus height to crypt depth ratio were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by essential oil supplementation. Treated groups showed increased villus height and improved villus–crypt ratio compared to control, indicating enhanced intestinal structural development. The combined supplementation, particularly at higher inclusion levels, produced superior morphometric responses. These findings suggest that cinnamon and peppermint essential oils beneficially modulate intestinal architecture in Japanese quails.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abhishek Tiwari
Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR–National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal–132001, Haryana, India.

 

Debashis Roy
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut - 250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ajit Kumar
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut - 250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ram Kumar Singh
Department of Livestock Farm Complex (Animal Nutrition), College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut - 250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Vikas Jaiswal
Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut-250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Manoj Kumar Singh
Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut-250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Harshit Verma
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut-250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Shubham Nayak
Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal-132001, Haryana, India.

 

Kaushlendra Narayan Dwivedi
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut - 250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Priyanka Rani
Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut-250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Rahul Tiwari
Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal-132001, Haryana, India.

 

Vaidehi Mishra
Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUAT, Meerut-250110, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Gagan Chawla
Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal-132001, Haryana, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7254

Haemato-Biochemical Changes Following Ketamine Anaesthesia Combined with Diazepam, Butorphanol, and Xylazine in Buffalo Calves |Chapter 8 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Intravenous general anaesthesia in large ruminants is simple and easy to administer as it requires no sophisticated instruments like inhalation anaesthesia. General anaesthesia, such as ketamine, is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist and induces a state called dissociative anaesthesia, producing profound analgesia without muscle relaxation. Surgical conditions like laparotomy, repair of diaphragmatic hernia, prepubic tendon rupture, thoraco pericardiotomy, repair of ventral hernia, etc., requiring general anaesthesia are frequently encountered in buffaloes. This study was designed to evaluate the effect on various haematological and biochemical parameters following administration of ketamine anaesthesia along with glycopyrrolate-diazepam, glycopyrrolate-butorphanol and glycopyrrolate-xylazine as preanaesthetics in 18 non-descript buffalo calves and were divided into three groups (A, B and C) with six animals in each. All the calves were administered glycopyrrolate @ 0.01 mg/ kg body weight through the intramuscular route prior to anaesthetic administration. Then the calves in all groups A, B and C were administered diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight, butorphanol @ 0.075 mg/kg body weight and xylazine @ 0.16 mg/kg body weight, respectively, through the intravenous route. Further, general anaesthesia was induced with ketamine @ 4 mg/kg body weight intravenously. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC) and biochemical parameters such as serum glucose, serum total protein, serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were estimated before sedation (0) and at 30, 60,120 min. and 6 hrs post ketamine anaesthesia. Statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple range tests (DMRT).  Haematological investigations indicated a non-significant (P>0.05) reduction in Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, and DLC after ketamine anaesthesia across all groups. Hyperglycemia was observed in animals from all groups following ketamine anaesthesia. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Serum Glucose (mg/dl) value in group A and C at 30 min and 60 min following diazepam-ketamine and xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia respectively, while in group B, there was non-significant (P>0.05) increase in Serum Glucose value at 15 min after butorphanol-ketamine anaesthesia   Other biochemical indicators such as total serum protein, serum urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine levels exhibited non-significant (P>0.05) variations at different time points but stayed within the normal physiological limits. Thus, it can be concluded that the combinations of glycopyrrolate-diazepam-ketamine, glycopyrrolate-butorphanol-ketamine, and glycopyrrolate-xylazine-ketamine do not have any harmful effects on vital organs, and the changes stayed within physiological limits. Therefore, ketamine can be used safely and effectively as an induction agent in buffalo calves for general anaesthesia.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Khichar Sangram Singh
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Rukmani Dewangan
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Raju Sharda
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Jasmeet Singh
Wildlife Health and Forensic Centre, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Muskan Sengar
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Ishant Kumar
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Likchavi Kurrey
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.), Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalya (DSVCKV), Chhattisgarh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7168

Marine Collagen Peptides: A Novel Therapeutic Avenue for Musculoskeletal Disorders | Chapter 7 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and sarcopenia lead to an increasing global health burden. Marine collagen peptides (MCPs) are the most promising candidate for nutritional intervention and have significant advantages compared to their terrestrial counterparts in terms of bioavailability, immunogenicity, and sustainable exploitation using fish by-products. This chapter provides an overview of published scientific evidence on the efficacy and modes of action of M CPs for musculoskeletal health. Based on preclinical studies, done mostly in animal and in vitro models, marine collagen can prevent the progression of osteoarthritis, increase bone mineral density, and promote differentiation of osteoblasts. The underlying mechanisms were related to the suppression of pro-inflammatory and catabolic factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and promotion of anabolic genes, collagen type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1). Nevertheless, the clinical evidence is limited, and there is an urgent requirement for more large RCTs (randomised controlled trials) of long-term to confirm these preclinical findings for the human population. In addition, there are substantial voids related to dose-response effects, comparative effectiveness across marine sources, and sequence-specific bioactive peptide sequences. Standardisation of product quality, purity and contaminant screening is a key obstacle within the field to clinical translation and public confidence. This chapter includes a review of the literature, identifies key gaps in research, and provides recommendations to advance the science to fully realise the therapeutic potential of marine collagen peptides for musculoskeletal health.

 

Author(s) Details

A. A. Zubair
PG and Research Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Microbiology, MES Ponnani College, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7243

Stomatal Characteristics and Wood Anatomical Adaptations of Citrus reticulata and Citrus sinensis in the Semi-arid Environment of Mubi, in Northeastern Nigeria | Chapter 6 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 10

 

Understanding how perennial fruit trees adjust their structural traits to water-limited environments is essential for sustainable cultivation in semi-arid regions. Among such traits, stomatal characteristics and wood anatomical features represent key components of plant adaptation, influencing gas exchange, transpiration, and hydraulic conductivity. This chapter explores the stomatal characteristics and wood anatomical adaptations of Citrus reticulata and Citrus sinensis growing under the semi-arid conditions of Mubi, northeastern Nigeria, and discusses how coordination between leaf and stem structures contributes to ecological adjustment. Leaf epidermal analyses were used to examine stomatal size, density, stomatal index, epidermal cell density, and Potential Conductance Index (PCI), while stem samples were assessed for vessel and fibre dimensions. The two species exhibited distinct anatomical patterns. Citrus reticulata showed comparatively higher stomatal dimensions and PCI, reflecting a greater potential for gas exchange, whereas Citrus sinensis displayed larger vessel elements, suggesting enhanced hydraulic capacity. These contrasting structural tendencies indicate different adaptive strategies in balancing carbon assimilation and water transport under semi-arid stress. By integrating stomatal and xylem traits, this chapter provides a broader perspective on anatomical plasticity in Citrus species and highlights the value of multi-organ trait analysis in understanding plant performance in drought-prone agroecosystems.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mohammad Saquib
Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v10/7211

 

Entomological Surveillance and Breeding Site Productivity of Aedes Aegypti at the Autonomous Port of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire | Chapter 12 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 

Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are major vectors of arboviruses of global public health importance and rank among the most invasive insect species, with their spread closely associated with international trade and transport. Entomological surveillance initiated in 2009 as part of strengthened epidemiological monitoring detected the presence of Aedes albopictus at the Port of Abidjan. To assess the population dynamics of Aedes mosquitoes and the associated health risks, a study was conducted from April to December 2014, combining ovitrap monitoring at ten-day intervals with monthly larval surveys. All adults emerging from ovitraps were identified as Aedes aegypti. Oviposition site selection was influenced by surrounding vegetation and the intensity of human activity. The larval habitats identified were dominated by tarpaulins and used tyres, habitats linked to port logistics and cargo handling. Aedes aegypti infested most positive breeding sites, with tarpaulins and cavities in concrete poles representing the most productive habitats. These findings indicate that port environments function as critical interfaces between local transmission and the international dissemination of vectors and arboviruses. They underscore the need to integrate entomological surveillance and control of artificial breeding sites into port biosecurity strategies to prevent the introduction, establishment, and export of vectors, in line with global health security priorities and the implementation of the International Health Regulations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Lucien Yao Konan
Vector Control Department, National Institute of Public Hygiene, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Blaise Atioumounan Koné
Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Daniel Kouadio Ekra
Expanded Program of Immunization, Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Côte d’Ivoire.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v10/7218

Ageing Populations and the Future of Geriatric Health Care | Chapter 11 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 

Population ageing is likely to become a global concern as the proportion of the older population is rapidly increasing. This review intends to consolidate the evidence available in the world regarding the epidemiological, clinical, social and policy aspects of population ageing to emphasise its increasing burden and its impact on health-system preparedness. Based on a narrative review methodology which uses international databases, peer-reviewed literature and large organisational reports from 2000-2024, the research presents significant patterns of multimorbidity, non-communicable diseases, frailty, cognitive decline, social determinants, and gaps in geriatric care provision. Findings indicate that the accelerated pace of demographic ageing, particularly in low- and middle-income nations, has exacerbated the prevalence of chronic illnesses, functional impairment, and caregiving; and has revealed laggards in the current state of long-term care systems, labour shortages, disintegrated service provision, and endemic ageism. Solutions that have emerged, such as the integrated, person-centred care model, age-friendly environment, and technological innovations to aid in managing chronic diseases, are also observed as part of the analysis. The review finds that to deal with the multi-sectoral, equity-based solutions needed to face the complex challenges of global ageing, the health systems, social protection, and community structures need to be aligned to improve resilience, functional ability, and dignified and healthy ageing among diverse groups of people.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdulhameed G. Albeshr
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Yazeed A. Alhabdan
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Abeer M. Alghamdi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Amal H. Alshubeki
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Amnah M. Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ghadah A. Alzahrani
Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Hadeel M. Almutairi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ibtessam A. Hazazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Joud A. Basfar
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Muhannad I. Alhussaini
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Nawaf A. Alghamdi
Marley Clinics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Reham F. Alsaleh
Private Dental Clinic, Riyad, Saudi Arabia.

 

Setah T. Alanazi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Fawaz H. Modahi
King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v10/7309

Hospital Admission and Stay in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Chapter 10 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 10

 

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common autoimmune disease in humans. This chapter addresses the clinical topic of patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and the most relevant but necessary aspects for the medical community, such as their medical history, key epidemiological data, clinical picture, diagnosis, SLE classification, and estimated lupus activity from the first contact. The most common causes of hospital admission, length of stay, rates of admission to the Intensive Care Unit, mortality and associated factors reported in international and Mexican research are reviewed. The topic of drug therapy is not addressed in this chapter because it was not the main reason for the research.

 

The in-depth reviews of experts and international groups were abandoned in favour of a simple, understandable, and concise narrative of each of the subtopics, supported by the most representative references, illustrated with tables and figures.

 

General practitioners, family physicians, emergency medicine specialists, and various subspecialists frequently have to care for patients with SLE because it is the autoimmune disease with the highest incidence and prevalence in the world. The intention of this chapter is for readers, whether experts or not, to quickly grasp at first glance the most important message of each topic, using a practical approach to facilitate the care of their patients with SLE and accurately answer the most common questions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Juan Gustavo Vázquez Rodríguez
Intensive Care Unit, High Specialty Medical Unit, Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital No. 3, National Medical Center “La Raza”, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico.

 

Juan Antonio García Bello
High Specialty Medical Unit, Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital No. 3, National Medical Center “La Raza”, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico.

 

Juan Gustavo Vázquez Arredondo
Department of Internal Medicine, High Specialty Medical Unit “Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret” Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center “La Raza”, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v10/7273

Biophotonic Therapy on Hematologic Parameters in Diabetes | Chapter 12 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

In diabetic patients, haematological alterations are associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a consequence of long-term hyperglycemia. This chapter examines the beneficial effects of biophotonic therapy on hematologic parameters, with particular emphasis on its relevance to diabetes management. Sunlight, a primary natural source of photonic energy, has historically been associated with healing processes, including relief from infections, support of wound repair, and enhancement of general vitality. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying photon-mediated therapies remain incompletely defined, emerging evidence suggests that UV-derived light can modulate immune responses, inhibit microbial replication, and improve peripheral tissue oxygenation. The complex immunologic effects of UV exposure include both vitamin D–mediated immune support and, in excessive doses, immunosuppressive changes accompanied by DNA damage. Notably, biophotonic interventions have been linked to reductions in HbA1c concentrations, representing a potentially significant advance in diabetic care. These effects may stem from the photodissociation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin, resulting in enhanced oxygen availability and improved tissue regeneration. Collectively, the chapter highlights the therapeutic promise of biophotonic approaches as adjunctive strategies for improving hematologic function and metabolic outcomes in individuals with diabetes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Orien L. Tulp
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat.

 

Syed A. A. Rizvi
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat and Larkin Hospital, Miami FL, USA. 

 

George P Einstein
Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies, University of Science, Arts and Technology, Montserrat.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/6845

Unusual Presentation of Solitary Fibrous Tumour Prostate: A Case Report | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Background: Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of fibroblastic differentiation, characterised by unpredictable biological behaviour. While SFTs are most commonly present in the fifth and sixth decades of life, they are frequently diagnosed incidentally.

 

Aim: This study aims to report and describe a rare case of a solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) involving the prostate/pelvic region, highlighting its clinical presentation, diagnostic process, surgical management, and patient outcome.

 

Case Presentation: A 57-year-old gentleman presented with lower abdominal pain and difficulty in passing urine for six months, and the examination revealed a suprapubic hard mass, which was bimanually palpable. A guided core biopsy from the prostate revealed a high-grade spindle cell neoplasm. The patient subsequently underwent resection of the pelvic tumour along with prostatectomy and permanent suprapubic cystostomy. Postoperative histology confirmed the preoperative diagnosis, and the patient completed adjuvant radiotherapy. He has been disease-free for the last 30 months.

 

Conclusion: SFTs typically arise from the pleura and are often pedunculated, representing about 30% of cases; other commonly affected areas include the meninges (27%), the abdominal cavity (20%), the trunk (10%), the extremities (8%), and the head and neck (5%). Due to their nonspecific clinical presentation, SFTs can be difficult to diagnose, but they are treatable when detected early. Surgical management of SFTs is similar to that of most soft tissue sarcomas, with a goal of wide resection margins and preservation of any critical surrounding organs. It is highly variable based on the location and involved structures. A multidisciplinary team approach with surgeons experienced in sarcoma surgery is recommended for the treatment and management of these tumours.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ravisankar Palaniappan
Department of General Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Puducherry, 605102, India.

 

S. Narmadha
Department of General Surgery, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Puducherry, 605102, India.

 

M. Appumathi Rogarajan
Surgical Oncologist, ASM Cancer and Skin Clinic, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Yojitha Sharatha Dalapathy Sankar
Kauvery Medical Centre, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/6661

Structural Response of High-Rise Buildings against Dynamic Effect of Wind Forces Coupled with SSI |Chapter 8 | Current Concepts in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 1

 

An effective design of a high-rise structure requires safeguarding both structural and non-structural components against wind-induced forces, which represent one of the primary lateral dynamic loads affecting the structural behaviour of tall buildings. The framed building superstructure consists of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, and walls; it transfers gravity loads (including self-weight and occupancy/live loads) as well as wind forces to the foundation. In conventional structural analysis, the contributions of slab and masonry wall stiffness are frequently overlooked.  The foundation transmits these accumulated loads to the underlying soil, where vertical settlement occurs based on geotechnical characteristics of underlying founding strata, thereby inducing additional stresses within the structure. The foundation supports are typically modelled as either fixed or pinned; however, due to the complexity of full structural analysis, the influence of soil deformability is commonly disregarded.

 

This present research study incorporates a spring-based representation to assess the performance of G+13 RCC building while accounting for soil-foundation interaction, specifically considering a clayey soil layer overlying a soft rock-like medium. The research investigates the coupled effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and wind loading on the overall structural behaviour. The results indicate that SSI leads to greater overall resilience of the building against wind forces in comparison to the conventional analysis with the assumption of a fixed base. The increased flexibility introduced by the soft clay and soft rock-like soil at the base significantly amplifies the structural response parameters.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Aditya Kumar Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal, India.

 

Surendra Pratap Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal, India.

 

M. S. Hora
Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ccert/v1/7262

 

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Agricultural Production and Farmer Livelihoods in Raipur District, Chhattisgarh, India |Chapter 6 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 7

 

Background: The backbone of the Indian financial system, and the main source of income in rural India, is agriculture. Agriculture and allied businesses are crucial for the sustainable growth and development of the Indian economy. The COVID-19 illness significantly impacted the agricultural supply chain, from the industrial hub to the final consumer.

 

Aim: This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on farmers’ production in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh.

 

Methods: The study was conducted in agricultural years 2019–20 and 2020–21. By selecting sample villages, the study's data were gathered from 300 households and 50 migrant and non-migrant workers in the Chhattisgarh district of Raipur. Primary data was collected from the farmers using a personal interview method, a well-planned schedule, and a questionnaire. Secondary data was gathered from Census reports, the Labour Bureau, Chhattisgarh, the Government of Chhattisgarh, the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and various reputable journals, articles, and books. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and paired sample t-tests, were employed.

 

Results: The study found that the maize crop had the highest yield loss, mostly -5.13 per cent, which is due to untimely harvest and unavailability of labour. Also, lak/teora crop yield decreased by -2.83 per cent. Also, the findings indicated that the yield of paddy, vegetables (Bitter guard, brinjal ladies finger and bottle guard), and Arhar had increased by 16.18, 60.76, 61.39, 39.87, 59.74 and 14.28 per cent respectively from previous years yield. The real impact in the case of crop production was seen in the prices of farm produce. The return of migrant workers also increased production; it was found from the study that agriculture was the only source of income for every household during the lockdown. Farmers experienced a shortage of agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilisers, and pesticides as a result of world trade disruption.

 

Conclusion: A significant relationship was observed between the COVID-19 pandemic and agricultural production in the study area. The study recommends increasing investments in vital logistics to sustain the demand for agricultural commodities and supporting start-ups and e-commerce businesses through appropriate policies and incentives.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Pratiksha Tripathi
Department of Agricultural Economics, IGKV, Raipur, India.

 

Hulas Pathak
Department of Agricultural Economics, IGKV, Raipur, India.

 

V. K. Choudhary
Department of Agricultural Economics, IGKV, Raipur, India.

 

Maunika Akula
Department of Agricultural Economics, IGKV, Raipur, India.

 

Jwala Parte
Department of Agricultural Economics, IGKV, Raipur, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v7/7202

Pulmonary Function Tests: A Tool to Assess the Lung Functional Capacity in Different Physiological and Disease Conditions | Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

Pulmonary function tests are tests to assess pulmonary function. These tests assess every aspect of our lung function. It assesses lung compliance (dynamic as well as static), degree of airflow obstruction, exchange of gases and other functions. Pulmonary function tests are non-invasive and safe, as there is no requirement of insertion of any instrument inside the human body by a health care provider. The study evaluates the importance of Pulmonary Function Tests to assess the Lung Functional Capacity in different physiological and disease conditions. There is a battery of tests to assess both static and dynamic lung function. Dynamic lung function tests mainly measure airflow rate, while static lung function tests measure absolute air volumes. Some tests are used to measure how well our lungs absorb oxygen in blood. Some others test the response of lungs to some triggers, like exercise and pharmacologic agents. Pulmonary function tests are variable in different physiological states like age, sex, exercise, change of posture, pregnancy, etc., as well as in pulmonary diseases. Pulmonary diseases are broadly classified into two categories: first, restrictive lung diseases, e.g. interstitial lung disease, scoliosis, etc. and second, obstructive lung diseases, e.g. asthma, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, etc. In obstructive lung diseases, mainly dynamic lung functions are affected, but in restrictive lung diseases, static lung functions are mainly affected. FEF25-75% is the most sensitive parameter for early diagnosis of obstructive lung disease, whereas DLCO is the most sensitive for early diagnosis of restrictive lung disease.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mohd. Amir
Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/7252

Predominance of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy for Dysphagia and Esophageal Disease: A 5-Year Analysis at a Private Hospital in Western Kenya (2020–2024) | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

Background: Gastrointestinal endoscopy is essential for diagnosing upper and lower GI disorders in resource-limited settings, where upper GI conditions predominate but lower GI screening remains underutilised. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure carried out to visualise the mucosal lining of the oesophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum.

 

Objective: This retrospective descriptive study evaluated diagnostic data from 5,544 patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy between March 2020 and March 2024 at a private hospital in Kisii County, Kenya. The study aimed to evaluate the use of procedures, patient profiles, clinical reasons, and diagnostic outcomes to inform practice and planning for healthcare and resources.

 

Methods: Data extracted were patient age, gender, pre-medication, reasons for endoscopy, results, provisional diagnoses, and clinical impressions. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.

 

Results: Results demonstrated a very strong predominance of EGD procedures (98.8%) over colonoscopy (1.2%), reflective of a very strong imbalance between access and utilisation. The extreme disparity suggests potential underuse of colonoscopy, most likely attributable to limited equipment, specialist access, and referral patterns. Dysphagia was the most frequent clinical indication for EGD, in excess of 43% of cases, with malignancy and peptic ulcers representing a substantial disease burden. Referral indications were highly aligned with diagnostic results, reflective of the clinical importance of current referral patterns. The gender ratio was approximately equal, and the 41–80 years age category was found to be a priority group for interventions.

 

Conclusion: The findings highlight the need to strengthen diagnostic capacity for dysphagia and oesophageal diseases, optimise protocols for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and hematemesis, promote early evaluation and management of functional dyspepsia and epigastralgia, and invest in comprehensive oesophageal cancer services. Enhanced access and awareness of colonoscopy, standardisation of documentation and data management, implementation of quality indicators, and regular training are needed to improve patient outcomes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Raymond Oigara
Department of Surgery, School of Health Science, Kisii University, Kenya.

 

Roselyne Nyakona David
Department of Health, Kisii County Government, Kenya.

 

Samuel Mong’are
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Health Science, Kisii University, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/6915

An Integrated System Dynamics Framework for Sustainability Assessment in Andean Mountain Regions: A Case Study of Quindío, Colombian | Chapter 6 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 6

 

Andean mountain regions face accelerating pressures from deforestation, ecological degradation, and climate change, yet policymakers often lack integrated tools to evaluate long‑term, cross-sector sustainability strategies. This study develops and validates a system dynamics model that integrates environmental, economic, social, and institutional subsystems to assess the effectiveness of policy interventions in the Quindío Department of Colombia over 2025–2055. The framework provides a practical decision-support tool for governments by identifying high-impact leverage points, particularly reforestation policies and institutional strengthening and quantifying their effects on forest conservation, poverty reduction, carbon capture, and economic growth. Results show that Sustainable Transformation policies deliver a 6.8:1 return on investment, substantially increase forest cover and ecosystem integrity, and reduce poverty by 44.4 percentage points, demonstrating that coordinated sustainability packages generate synergistic rather than trade-off outcomes. The model’s rigorous validation, sensitivity analysis, and scenario-based outputs equip regional authorities with actionable evidence for prioritising investments, sequencing interventions, and implementing adaptive management under uncertainty. Because the framework is modular, data-driven, and grounded in global standards (IPCC, SEEA-EA, MEA), it can be readily adapted and transferred to other mountainous socio-ecological systems worldwide to support sustainability policy design.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Javier Burgos-Salcedo
Environmental Engineering, Fundación Universitaria San Mateo, Bogotá, Colombia and Corporación Para la Investigación y la Innovación–CIINAS, Zipaquirá, Colombia.

 

Carolina Sierra
Corporación Para la Investigación y la Innovación–CIINAS, Zipaquirá, Colombia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v6/7188

GIS-Based Flood Susceptibility Mapping of Ernakulam District, Kerala, India Using the Frequency Ratio Model | Chapter 5 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 6

 

Flooding remains one of the most recurrent and damaging natural hazards affecting the low-lying coastal districts of Kerala, with Ernakulam District experiencing repeated flood events during the southwest monsoon. Flood susceptibility is an important mission for early warning systems and emergency services for the prevention and mitigation of future floods. This study assesses flood susceptibility in Ernakulam District, Kerala, India, using the Frequency Ratio (FR) model integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. A flood inventory was developed using historical flood records and satellite-derived data, and six flood-conditioning factors—geology, land use/land cover (LU/LC), soil, drainage density, rainfall, and slope—were selected based on their hydrological relevance. Each factor was classified and evaluated using the Frequency Ratio approach to quantify its contribution to flood occurrence. Satellite data, including Landsat imagery and ASTER DEM, were used to generate thematic maps such as land use/land cover, relief, slope, drainage density, rainfall, soil, and geology.

 

The results reveal that built-up areas exhibit the highest flood susceptibility (FR = 4.65), reflecting the combined influence of rapid urban expansion, impervious surfaces, and inadequate drainage systems. In contrast, forested areas demonstrate minimal flood susceptibility (FR = 0.17), highlighting their role in runoff regulation and hydrological stability. Among the conditioning factors, geology (FR = 7.73) emerged as the most influential parameter, followed by land use/land cover (FR = 6.90) and soil characteristics (FR = 6.58), while slope (FR = 1.60) showed comparatively lower control over flood occurrence. The highest flood susceptibility was associated with the 7–9 rainfall class (FR = 2.93), indicating that areas experiencing intense rainfall are more prone to flooding despite their smaller spatial coverage. The final flood susceptibility map categorises the district into low, moderate, high, and very high susceptibility zones.

 

The findings confirm that the Frequency Ratio model is an effective and reliable tool for flood susceptibility assessment in data-scarce regions. The generated susceptibility map provides valuable insights for disaster risk reduction, land-use planning, and sustainable flood management, thereby supporting climate-resilient development strategies in Ernakulam District. In future, studies should integrate high-resolution temporal data and climate change projections to enhance the accuracy and reliability of flood susceptibility assessments.

 

 

Author(s) Details

V. V. Neethu
Department of Geography, Indus International School, Bangalore, 562125, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v6/7160

Foundations of Mathematical Modeling and Dynamical Systems with Applications | Book Publisher International

 

One of the most effective methods for comprehending, evaluating, and forecasting the behaviour of real-world systems that arise in the fields of science, engineering, biology, economics, and the social sciences is mathematical modelling. Models give researchers a methodical framework for investigating system dynamics, testing theories, and directing decision-making by converting physical, biological, or socioeconomic processes into mathematical language.

 

The goal of this book is to present a thorough, organised, and understandable introduction to mathematical modelling based on continuous dynamical systems, with a focus on ordinary differential equations. The presentation integrates theoretical foundations, qualitative analysis, and computational tools, allowing readers to transition seamlessly from model creation to analytical insight and numerical exploration.

 

The introductory chapters present essential ideas of mathematical modelling, encompassing modelling assumptions, variable selection, parameter interpretation, and dimensional consistency. Continuous first-order differential equations are formulated using compelling examples from natural and applied sciences, thus building a robust conceptual foundation.

 

The qualitative theory of dynamical systems, including linearization, equilibrium analysis, and stability theory, is the main topic of the following chapters. These methods make it possible to comprehend the behaviour of long-term systems without depending on explicit solutions, which are frequently not available for nonlinear models.

 

Then, bifurcation theory is introduced to show how qualitative changes in system dynamics can result from minor changes in parameters. In applied models, bifurcations that are often encountered are given particular consideration. Biological, ecological, and engineering systems are used to illustrate the analytical and geometric methods for identifying and characterizing periodic solutions that are developed in the limit cycles chapter.

 

The final chapter is dedicated to simulation techniques, acknowledging the essential role of computation in contemporary modelling. Numerical approaches, phase-plane simulations, and computational tools like MATLAB are employed to enhance analytical findings and to explore intricate systems that exceed closed-form analysis.

 

This book is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, along with academics and practitioners pursuing a comprehensive introduction to mathematical modelling and dynamical systems. The information is appropriate for courses in applied mathematics, mathematical biology, engineering mathematics, and associated fields. The literature reinforces theory using examples, pictures, and simulations to enhance intuition and practical comprehension.

 

It is intended that this book will give readers the mathematical rigour and modelling understanding they need to examine real-world occurrences and create insightful models for a variety of application domains

 

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. K. Ramesh
Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Dr. G. Ranjith Kumar
Anurag University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Dr. K. Lakshmi Narayan
Department of Humanities & Sciences, VJIT, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Dr. A. V. Papa Rao
Department of Mathematics, JNTU-GV College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-69006-52-1

Critical Success Factors in the Implementation of Healthcare Information Systems in Developing Countries | Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Many developing countries face persistent barriers to implementing healthcare information systems (HIS). Weak regulatory frameworks and outdated digital infrastructure remain key challenges. Bangladesh illustrates this situation, where fragmented services and limited electronic patient records reduce access to quality healthcare. Evidence suggests that standardised hospital information systems can improve patient management and service efficiency. However, successful adoption requires strong institutional and policy support. This chapter synthesises the critical factors influencing HIS implementation in developing country contexts. It draws on a systematic literature review grounded in information systems research. Eight core studies were identified from IEEE Xplore, EBSCO, and ScienceDirect following rigorous screening of 4,014 records. Twelve success factors emerged and were grouped into four policy-relevant themes. Effective resource allocation and governance capacity were identified as the most decisive factors for sustainable HIS implementation.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Shafiqur Rahman
International Open University, Australia.

 

Aminul Islam
Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University, KSA.

 

Sweta Thakur
IT School, King’s Own Institute, Australia.

 

Md Badiuzzaman
Information Technology and Engineering, Sydney Metropolitan Institute of Technology, Australia.

 

Nasrin Huda
University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7133

Implementing Healthcare Information Systems in Developing Countries: Challenges and Lessons Learned | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Information systems (IS) have permeated every facet of life, including healthcare. While developed nations efficiently employ information systems in healthcare, developing countries face significant challenges. In many developing countries, sustainable Healthcare Information Systems (HIS) are constrained by weak policies and outdated technologies. In Bangladesh, fragmented and largely non-digital health records continue to limit access to effective care. Evidence shows that standardised hospital information systems can improve patient management and allow healthcare providers to serve more patients efficiently. This study reviews the main barriers to HIS implementation in developing countries using a systematic literature review (SLR). Relevant studies were drawn from IEEE Xplore, EBSCO, and ScienceDirect. From an initial pool of 4,014 papers, 11 studies were selected through rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review identifies 24 key barriers to HIS adoption, grouped into six categories: limited funding, poor infrastructure, low education and awareness, cultural and political constraints, resistance to change, and weak system quality. The study concludes that addressing these barriers is a complex, long-term process often compounded by limited research in developing countries. To overcome these barriers and promote the effective adoption of IS in healthcare, the study recommends focusing on improving infrastructure, securing funding, enhancing training, ensuring system quality, addressing cultural barriers, managing resistance, planning long-term, fostering collaboration, leveraging data-driven decisions, and building local capacity. The journey towards effective HIS implementation in developing countries is marked by complex challenges, but this study highlights critical areas for intervention. Future research and collaborative efforts are crucial to bridging the healthcare technology gap and ultimately improving healthcare outcomes for the populations of these countries.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Shafiqur Rahman
International Open University, Australia.

 

Aminul Islam
Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, KSA.

 

Sweta Thakur
King’s Own Institute, Australia.

 

Md Badiuzzaman
Information Technology and Engineering, Sydney Metropolitan Institute of Technology, Australia.

 

Nasrin Huda
University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7132

Dairy Calcium Supplementation and Its Effects on Body Fat, Plasma Leptin and Glucose Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women | Chapter 6 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 6

 

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CADIA) study of young overweight adults, black and white, demonstrated that dietary patterns characterised by increased dairy consumption had an inverse association with insulin resistance in their study population. The inclusion of low or non-fat dairy products, which provide additional calcium in the diet, may promote increased weight loss and improve insulin resistance. Therefore, supplementing dairy products to obese subjects on a caloric-restricted diet may be a useful strategy to enhance weight loss and improve insulin resistance. The study assesses dairy Calcium supplementation and its effects on body Fat, plasma leptin and glucose levels in obese postmenopausal women. This prospective randomised study of 3 months, parallel trial on the effect of non-fat / low-fat dairy calcium combined with energy restriction in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. The study therefore tested the short-term effects of supplementing 56 overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI] >26 kg/m2) post menopausal women on a caloric-restricted diet (1,400 kilocalories [kcal]) with two levels of dairy as yoghurt on body composition, blood insulin, leptin and glucose concentration. The group consuming four supplemented dairy servings (DS-4) was provided ~1400 mg Ca/day, and the group consuming two supplemented dairy servings (DS-2) were provided ~800 mg Ca/day.

 

Over the 3-months daily energy intake averaged 51% carbohydrate, 20.7% of protein and 27.6% of fat for both groups. At 3 months, the DS-4 group demonstrated decreased weight (87.7 to 86.2 kg, P=0.001), BMI (33.5 to 32.8 kg/m2, P < 0.001), total fat (36.1 to 34.7 kg, P<0.001), and trunk fat (18.3 to 17.6 kg, P < 0.001). There were non-significant decreases in plasma glucose (74.7 to 71.1 mg/dl, P=0.494), leptin (32.5 to 31.3 µg/L, P=0.231) and insulin. For the DS-2 group, there was decreased weight (86.4 to 84.4 kg, p<0.02), BMI (32.5 to 31.8 kg/m2, P=0.002), total fat (37.3 to 35.4 kg, P=0.003), trunk fat (17.1 to 16.5 kg, P = 0.27) and plasma leptin (27.8 to 25.2 µg/L, P=0.114). The DS-2 group demonstrated a surprising and significant increase in the fasting blood glucose, with a marginally significant increase in insulin resistance as measured by HOMA at 3 months. We observed a significant treatment effect between the DS-2 and DS-4 groups for: % energy from fat (P=0.025), % energy from protein (P=0.047) and leptin (P=0.044). The study report that in a population of obese/overweight postmenopausal women supplementing their diet with dairy which provided a total estimated calcium intake of ~1400 mg/day (i.e. DS-4) was successful in the reduction of trunk fat and plasma glucose, while dairy calcium and caloric restriction decreased weight, BMI, total body fat, and insulin and leptin during the intervention. In contrast, the supplemented group ingesting 800 mg/d of dairy calcium (i.e. DS-2) in combination with caloric restriction provided significant increases in plasma glucose and insulin resistance.

 

Our study demonstrated the expected weight loss with caloric restriction, but a paradoxical increase in blood glucose levels with dairy supplementation provided to maintain baseline calcium intake. Increasing dairy supplementation abrogated this small increase in fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance. The benefits of dairy calcium supplementation may be dependent on both the dose and the context of overall caloric intake.

 

Author(s) Details

Dina H. Fakhrawi
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.

 

Carol J. Lammi-Keefe
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA and College of Agriculture, LSU, Agricultural Center, and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.

 

W. Lawrence Beeson
School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA and Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, USA.

 

T. Allan Darnell
School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

Anthony Firek
J L Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Endocrinology, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

Zaida R. Cordero-MacIntyre
School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, USA and Whittier College, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Whittier, CA, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v6/7123

Effects of Energy Restriction and Dairy Consumption on Lipids and Bone Health in Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Women | Chapter 5 | Food Science and Agriculture: Research Highlights Vol. 6

 

Background: Women in the post-menopausal stage of life are susceptible to a number of chronic health conditions related to obesity and osteoporosis. Dairy products represent one of the five core food groups embedded in most dietary guidelines worldwide. Dietary calcium, particularly from dairy sources, has been widely studied for its potential role in improving bone health and supporting weight management.

 

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the association between lipids and bone mineral density (BMD) in overweight/obese postmenopausal women placed on a dairy calcium weight-reduction diet.

 

Methodology: A total of 56 overweight/obese postmenopausal women (mean age: 55.61±8.19; mean BMI: 32.95±6.12 kg/m2; mean weight: 86.88±17.25 kg; and mean BMD level: 1.05±0.17 g/cm2) were randomly assigned into a low dairy servings [DS-2] (800 mg/d of calcium or high diary servings [DS-4] (1400 mg/d of calcium) diet to evaluate differences in bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index (BMI) and lipid profiles (total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacylglycerol (TAG)) during a 3 month lifestyle education program. The study conducted repeated measures ANOVA (group × time interaction) with Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests, Spearman and Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regression analyses.

 

Results: For the high calcium group, the change “D” in values at 3 months compared to baseline were: ∆BMD: 0.03 (p=0.31); DBMI: -0.69 (P=0.005); ∆LDL: -25.41 (p<0.001); DHDL: 3.49 (p=0.365); ∆TC: -22.14 (p=0.004) and ∆TAG: -1.97 (p=0.998). In the low calcium group, the 3 month – baseline changes were: ∆BMD: -0.04 (p=0.69); DBMI: -0.74 (P=0.002); ∆LDL: -10.86 (p=0.314); DHDL: 3.99 (p=0.269); ∆TC: -5.96 (p=0.769) and ∆TAG: 4.53 (p=0.97). ∆BMD was correlated with ∆LDL and ∆TC: r=-0.27 (p=0.052) and r=-0.27 (p=0.054), respectively.

 

Conclusion: This study concludes that overweight/obese post-menopausal women who were placed on a dairy calcium weight-reduction diet during a 3-month educational program had lower in BMI, LDL, TC and higher HDL values. Although this study observed a positive correlation between ∆LDL and ∆TC, and a negative correlation for ∆BMD with ∆LDL and ∆TC, the study concluded suggest an association between bone mineral density and lipid profile in postmenopausal overweight and obese women. Further research and analysis using larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to clarify the relationship between an atherogenic lipid profile and bone mineral density.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Dina H. Fakhrawi
Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

W. Lawrence Beeson
Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA and Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

Narmina Mamed
Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

T. Allan Darnell
Center for Health Promotion, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

Zaida Cordero-MacIntyre
Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA and Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/fsarh/v6/7122